Besides, incense sticks are also popular. Vegetable oil has little to no fragrance. Then, place this on top of the can where it will warm and diffuse into the room. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 20,467 times. Start by cleaning out the soda can and carefully cutting it in half. It has been used throughout history during religious ceremonies and rituals. That way you wont risk heating up the table or other surface that you set it on, which would risk damaging it or even starting a fire. Second, be sure to use a small amount of resin incense. dave jones bethel church revelation; 5 gallon coca cola syrup. Now smudge the right foot, up the left leg, torso and down the length of the right arm and back up to the shoulder. (and Common Misconceptions), Blocked Chakras: What Causes Them and How to Unblock Them, How To Break A Hex or Curse 6 Traditional Methods. Burning incense irritates your lungs, so keep your windows open and run an air purifier. You can light coals on an electric stove by setting them directly on the burner, as long as your burners have exposed coils. Just place the resin on the spoon and hold it over the flame of the candle. If you have ever visited Mexico or Mexico City, this will transport you back. Third, burning turpentine incense with candles can cause the resin to overheat leading to a lot of smoke and even catching fire. Make sure that the surface you are using the oil warmer on is heat-safe. From this point on, you dont need to do anything except enjoy the aroma. How to burn Frankincense resin on a charcoal puck. Any oils like this have a strong scent of their own, and are also very thick. But its still best to use it somewhere well-ventilated to make sure youre getting enough oxygen and dont get overwhelmed by the aroma. Once it starts sparking, set it down into the bowl and let it heat up for a few minutes. Watch this short video to learn how. It will become the bowl part of the oil warmer. I am a yoga instructor and nutritionist. Make sure that the can is dry on the inside. To burn resins, light the edge of the charcoal puck with a long match or lighter and place it on a non-flammable surface. But what is it exactly? How do you burn resin incense? Discard the top half of the can and keep the bottom half. All you need is a candle diffuser, and you can experience the sweet scent of incense in your home. Just place the resin on the spoon and hold it over a candle flame. Required fields are marked *, PO Box 281 I've participated in studies with respected parapsychological research organizations, as well as had some first-hand paranormal experiences of my own. The heat from the flame will cause the resin to melt and release its fragrance. Just like using sand in a charcoal incense burner. wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. Myrrh is my favorite resin incense and I enjoy burning expensive Kua Myrrh whenever I can afford it, but I needed an affordable everyday myrrh and decided to give this a try. 219K views 6 years ago Here is a demonstration on how to easily burn resin incense without charcoal and without a whole lot of mess and expense. If youre already familiar with using other types of incense, you wont find it very difficult to switch over to using resin incense. Step 2: Pour a barely amount of vegetable oil into the dish to avoid risking the dish becoming too hot and cracking. Fortunately, there is a safe and easy way to burn resin incense with little to no smoke. An affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. All you need is a glass candle holder or any candle holder, an empty tea-light candle tin or old canned goods, and some toothpicks. Never burn myrrh or any other type of incense in a plastic container. This can be convenient since you wont need to re-light it during a ritual or ceremony. Now, hold the bowl of foil above the filter and light your candle. Consider other methods of enjoying the rich soothing smell of resin incense without the mess of charcoal. Finally, enjoy the fragrance of your favorite resin incense! This is particularly useful if you have multiple incense burners that you want to light at a time. In As an experiment you could try putting an oven burner on low, put some foil or a metal plate or old pot on top (dry), and add the resin. It should not get to half the size of the dish. You can use a vessel made of any heat resistant material like brass or stone. // Leaf Group. After the charcoal disc is nice and hot, sprinkle a pinch of loose incense on top. For example, when you finally get rid of bad-memory outfits in your closet, burning cedar is a symbolic way to rid your space of their lingering energy. Rather than hope for lucky results and outcomes, she helps her clients to create them every day. Myrrh Incense Resin. These short but pithy sayings inform so much about the feeling. Your incense will burn for about three or four days before you need to replace it. Some incense comes in chunks, while other comes in a powdered form. Senko: This is Japanese incense that is made . You might burn black marks onto it or worse, shatter the glass and risk injury. And, using aluminum foil and a strainer makes it easy to get a clean burn without any residue. Simple cones of sandalwood smell delightful as they burn, and they fill the air with lots of grounding and centering aromatherapy. Simply mix 1 equal part each and burn it on a charcoal disk or toss it in a wood-burning fire and bring the Yule season to life. There are 8 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. After youve done this, take the top half of the can and cut 3 to 4 V-shaped holes into the side of the can. OutofStress - Inspirational Articles To Expand Your Consciousness Insider spoke to an Ohio-based interior designer to find out which decorative items she would buy from Dollar Tree right now. The bottom part of the can needs to be facing up. Enough to fill the container about an inch deep should be more than sufficient. Essential oils are not a good option either, because you won't smell the incense anymore. If you dont want to buy a censer, you can use various items around the house for burning myrrh. You can use resin incense to enhance your meditation or yoga session. Once it gets dented, discard it and make a new one. Enjoy the aroma and smoke of the burning incense feeling free to add more resin as the smoke thins out. Resin is the lifeblood of the tree, healing its wounds and inflictions and protecting it against infection. Using charcoal is the traditional way to do it, but an oil warmer produces much less smoke and is better for people with breathing problems. how to burn myrrh resin without charcoal; how to burn myrrh resin without charcoal. Today we're going to talk about the amazing Frankincense incense properties and spiritual uses. Just place the resin on the spoon and hold it over a candle flame. This tape will cover up the cut edges of the can and prevent it from accidentally cutting you. See our full disclosures here. Simply hold the piece of charcoal in your tongs, and then hold your candle or other heat source underneath it until it begins to glow and crackle. or you can take an old bowl that you don't mind gets damaged or breaks. Enjoy the aroma and smoke of the burning incense feeling free to add more resin as the smoke thins out. Add a choice of resin incense and some water or oil if needed inside the tin. Journal archive from the U.S. National Institutes of Health The main purpose of the oil is to help disperse the heat. This can be as basic as a small open-topped dish, or as elaborate as the incense censors that you might see used in religious ceremonies in churches, mosques, synagogues, and other settings. How much oil you have to use will depend on the size of your dish. Stay tuned for more tips and tricks! Guess Amazon won't be getting all my money anymore!". Start by adding a small amount of sand, salt, ash, gravel, small pebbles, or other non-combustible material to your incense burner. When it starts to sparkle a bit, or make a slight crackling, hissing sound, then the Saltpeter has been activated and the coal is igniting. Simply burn them until smoke appears and then walk them through your space with an intention in mind for what exactly you'd like them to clear for you. There are different types of resin, such as copal and frankincense. References. Please refer to the video below for a detailed how-to. Its actually very easy to safely use resin incense. Just be sure to use a metal spoon that can withstand the heat of the candle flame. When bubbles cease to form, the shell should be removed from the bleach immediately and rinsed under warm water, then soaked for at least 24 hours in clean water at room temperature. Heat up one side of the charcoal, then flip it over and do the same to the other side. Yerba santa has traditionally been burned to help heal broken hearts. The designer chose a range of $1 items, from small woven rugs to whimsical wall decals. First, it's important to use a heat-resistant surface when burning resin incense. Repeat as desired until the charcoal is exhausted. Make sure that they can all fit under a tea light. Ill briefly go through how you can burn resin incense either way. The traditional method of burning resin incense is to use special self-lighting charcoal bricks. What is the meaning of Satya Super Hit incense? The heat from the candle will cause the resin to melt and release its fragrance. A peanut-sized chunk of copal is a suitable starting point. Alternatively, run a bath and replace candles with an Incense Stick or two. The herb is also great to incorporate into your home ritual if you're just starting to practice more self-love and self-care. If you enjoy reading the kinds of posts that I make here, then I think you'll really enjoy the brand new podcast that I just launched Is Voodoo A Religion? Be sure that the oil warmer is completely cooled off before attempting to clean it. 0 . It is made by burning myrrh resin on charcoal. It may be more difficult to light incense with traditional matches and lighters, which give you less to hold on to, and may be hard to keep a flame until the charcoal is fully lit. Vegetable oil is the best oil to use because it hardly has any fragrance. Holding charcoal puck with metal tongs, light the edge until you see tiny sparks. Resin incense can be burned either using a charcoal burner or an oil warmer. In most cases, you will require one or two teaspoons of oil. Light the charcoal with a lighter or match (we prefer using easy light charcoals and a click flame lighter with a long reach). The traditional way of burning the resin is by placing it on a slab of hot charcoal so it melts. If you do wish to use your censer on a surface that is not heat-resistant, such as a wooden coffee table, put a ceramic coaster or tile down on the surface first. The first thing you'll need is a roll of charcoal tablets. A simple ceramic plate or bowl can do just fine. Either with or without charcoal. Travis Joynson is the founder and chief editor of Reed's Handmade Incense. Self-lighting Pagan Supplies Frankincense Resin Magical Life Candle Diffuser Herbology Aromatherapy RELATED STORY: 10 Easy Ways To Cleanse Your Home of Negative Energy. The resin and dust melt and then burn, Sprinkle some copal resin and palo santo dust, or any other resin onto the center of the disk. The most popular way is to burn it using charcoal. (and Common Misconceptions). While ceramic oil warmers may all be a single piece. What Is Frankincense? Make sure you hold the flame on it until it starts to spark quite a bit. How to Burn Resin Incense for the Best Results: Tips and Tricks, 5 Ways to Burn Incense Cones Without a Holder: DIY Tips and Tricks, How to Use Incense Cones: A Comprehensive Guide, 10 Ways to Burn Incense Sticks Without Holder: Fun and Easy DIY Ideas, How to Use Incense Sticks: The Ultimate Guide. This will allow air to reach the flame inside. How to Burn Resin Incense Without Charcoal. Burning mugwort in your bedroom is thought to enhance dreams, especially adventurous ones. Check for scent and add more if you like. This article has been viewed 174,513 times. A pair of tongs can be helpful for holding the charcoal as you light it. Clean the candle diffuser well. 11 Reasons Your Incense Smells Like Smoke, and What to Do About It, The Meaning of Incense Ash: Curl, Hang, and More, Incense Won't Stay Lit? Some burn Myrrh as incense for ceremonies in various religions, and others even argue that it has medicinal properties. Ill walk you through step-by-step how to burn resin incense either using charcoal or an oil warmer. Or you can simply burn the frankincense on an aluminum pan. This ad is displayed using third party content and we do not control its accessibility features. Fill the well halfway with water. The incense (from the Latin incensum, participle of incendere, "burn", "ignite&# 34;) is a preparation of aromatic vegetable resins, to which essential oils of animal or vegetable origin are often added, so that when burned it gives off fragrant smoke for religious, therapeutic or aesthetic purposes. Once youve got your oil all set up, its time to light a candle that will heat it up. One is to use a metal spoon as a makeshift bowl. To burn resin incense using charcoal, first youll need to have a resin incense burner. She has conducted survey work for marine spatial planning projects in the Caribbean and provided research support as a graduate fellow for the Sustainable Fisheries Group. This is especially important if you have cats, dogs, birds, or other pets who can be very sensitive to smells. Hope my articles will be useful to you. You shouldnt leave any incense burner unattended. The smoke of frankincense is thought to carry prayers to heaven in its smoke. Pick a basic tea light that doesnt have any fragrance of its own. (Keep watch on this as it burns, as the charcoal is fiery red-hot.). Licensed Acupuncturist & Diplomate of Oriental Medicine. TO START, hold the charcoal safely with a pair of tongs (never handle the charcoal directly). Claudat is a longtime mindbodygreen contributor and instructor (she may have had a hand in the hundreds of plants in mindbodygreen headquarters! Wash the smoke down the left side of the torso, left leg and foot. Frankincense is a natural aromatic resin that comes from a . Allow the charcoal 5-15 minutes to fully come to temperature indicated by a layer of ash forming on the tablet. Light an edge of the puck with a lighter. Vegetable oil has little to no fragrance. I have designed for non-profits, corporations and artists. 4.5 out of 5 stars (4,095) $ 8.76. So you can pick whichever you prefer, or that works best for your situation or the materials that you already have! Some of these types of charcoal are meant for use outdoors, and they may release toxic fumes. Their purpose is to allow air to reach the flame and provide oxygen. Hey, it's Dustin here, the creator of SpiritualGreatness.com Extracted from 38 Himalayan herbs, Tibetan monastery incense are thought to deeply purify a space as they burn. Burning resin incense is pretty straightforward. ", How to Burn Resin Incense Without Charcoal, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmcrPa6t_J0&feature=youtu.be&t=2m15s, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmcrPa6t_J0&feature=youtu.be&t=2m25s, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmcrPa6t_J0&feature=youtu.be&t=7m4s, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmcrPa6t_J0&feature=youtu.be&t=3m5s, https://apothecarysgarden.com/2013/12/09/burn-frankincense-incense/, https://spiritualityhealth.com/blogs/heart-health/2015/11/23/bess-oconnor-7-sacred-resins-burn-clearing-negative-energy, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmcrPa6t_J0&feature=youtu.be&t=5m22s, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suISyf9fzAo&feature=youtu.be&t=56s, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suISyf9fzAo&feature=youtu.be&t=1m28s, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suISyf9fzAo&feature=youtu.be&t=2m18s, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suISyf9fzAo&feature=youtu.be&t=3m15s, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suISyf9fzAo&feature=youtu.be&t=3m35s, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suISyf9fzAo&feature=youtu.be&t=4m25s, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suISyf9fzAo&feature=youtu.be&t=4m35s, bruler de la rsine d'encens sans charbon. Myrrh resin is most commonly known through the tale of the Three Kings from the Bible. Blow out the candle and let the oil warmer cool completely before you clean it. Method Hold the charcoal disc with the tongs and light by holding a flame to one side of the disc, until it glows and sparks. A top priority at NaturalScents.Net is ensuring that all content is accurate and current through strict sourcing guidelines which rely primarily upon peer-reviewed academic studies. References But when youre all done, its best to fully extinguish it to avoid leaving a fire hazard behind. If it is damp, dry it off with a paper towel. They vary widely in their design and the materials they are made from some are on handles or chains to allow them to be moved when in use. Add resins herbs or powder incense. Approved. Have you always wanted to try burning resin incenses like frankincense or myrrh but have never given it a try? It seems like folk healers were on to something, though. When finished, allow the charcoal to completely cool in the . Dana Claudat is a modern Feng Shui Master and founder of The School Of Intention Feng Shui Certification Program. These round bricks are specially made with potassium so they will light with the first contact with flame. Glass ones are normally separate and sit on a metal stand. Do you know about the Frankincense incense benefits? When you're done, allow the resin to burn out completely, and then dispose of the foil. 3. In this article, Ill explain what resin incense is and how to use it. [1] Last Updated: August 19, 2022 The surface must be heat-safe, such as a ceramic plate. Remember that anything you do to clear space, even the simple act of opening a window, will bring more flow and positive energy into your home and your life, too! Frankincense and myrrh were considered great gifts during this time, as they were not only used for incense purposes, but as a form of medicine as well. To learn how to use an oil warmer to burn resin incense, read on! It's also used to quiet racing thoughts, making it useful for mindfulness. Burning resin incense is a great way to fill your home with fragrance. Only after the charcoal is a glow and stops crackling, put the resin incense on the top. Unfortunately, this produces a lot of smoke, which can cause breathing problems for some people. Most types of charcoal will continue to burn for an hour or more. This can be a serious problem if you have asthma or any other breathing problems. If you have a gas stove, you can light the coals by resting them against the edge of the burner and letting them sit directly over a low flame for a few minutes. Some forms of incense like white sage have been burned to purify an area. (Keep watch on this as it burns, as the charcoal is fiery red-hot.) If youre using powdered incense, use about a teaspoon to start with. "Loved how to make my own burner. I would avoid using pieces of charcoal used for barbeques or other applications besides burning incense. Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44222-0281 You can find oil warmers at pretty much any store that sells lots of candles and other candle accessories. Now turn the person around, turning to their right (sun-wise again) and repeat these movements as you smudge and bless the person's back. Use knife spoons or tweezers to drop the resin incense onto the tablet. with charcoal and salt and sand. Fill Your Burner With Sand or A Similar Material, Add The Lit Charcoal To Your Incense Burner, Add Resin Once Your Charcoal Is Ready To Use, How To Burn Resin Incense Without Charcoal, link to Introducing My New Paranormal Podcast - Secret Grasp, link to Is Voodoo A Religion? I've been studying these topics for the past two decades, and this is the culmination of everything I know and seek to share with the world. These work by heating up a ceramic plate that melts the resin and releases the fragrance. Guggul is burned in a separate vessel over hot coals. You can reuse this oil warmer as many times as you want, as long as it stays clean and intact. If youve never tried burning resin incense before, I highly recommend giving it a try. It takes a bit more extra steps than simply lighting a stick or cone of incense, but the improved scent is definitely worth it! Place the disc in the burner or heat proof dish and wait for it to stop smoking. Copal Resin - Premium Grade - Stillpoint Aromatics How to Burn Resins: Light the charcoal with matches or lighter for about 20 seconds until it . Inhale deeply and enjoy! Then twist the roll so it makes a rope. It burns fairly slowly, and its woodsy scent is rich and inviting. Resin incense can be burned either using a charcoal burner or an oil warmer. Today most cultures around the world use manufactured charcoal pucks made from . Upon hearing these famous tales, it is quite usual for one to want to experience these same traditions as written about in the past. Fortunately, there is a safe and easy way to burn resin incense with little to no smoke. AmanaFragrances. You can use other types of liquid oil, such as olive oil or sunflower seed oil. Simply add small pieces of resin onto the charcoal. Give it a minute to heat up, then sprinkle a small amount of resin on top. Most oil warmers are only large enough to fit a tea candle. But this will usually take about four hours, which may be longer than you want. Add more water if the well is getting low. 1. this will make an instant plume of smoke, which will continue to burn through the resin at a very quick rate. I decided to keep this up. These resins can be burned themselves or combined to make a blended incense. Enjoy the aroma and smoke of the burning incense feeling free to add more resin as the smoke thins out. You can purchase these in just about any store that sells candles and candle stands. Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 174,513 times. Move beyond sage. Take your charcoal disk and place it upon the sand, with enough room around it to allow surrounding air to circulate. 7 Conclusion What Is Resin Incense? If you'd like to get a few suggestions on how to use Frankincense in your own way, we've got a few ideas to share. However, charcoal can get quite hot, so it is important to place the charcoal in a fire-safe burner or chamber such as a censer used in Catholic traditions. Oil warmers are usually labeled to use melted wax, but I find that using oil is quicker, easier, and less likely to burn. These seven sacred resins, including myrrh and benzoin, clear negative energy in your space. Add resins herbs or powder incense. Step 3: Add some resin incense, in this article we use frankincense, into the oil. She received her MA in Environmental Science and Management from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 2016. "I just purchased some frankincense resin crystals. Naturalscents.net is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program. Different resins will produce more or less smoke, so you may want to test it out in a well-ventilated area and experiment with how much resin is necessary to get the result that youre looking for. To learn how to use an oil warmer to burn resin incense, read on! PubMed Central from Stanford University. Always use tongs to handle the burning charcoal, never do it with bare hands or even with gloves. Here's what that typically looks like: Not everyone likes to burn charcoal. Besides, we will also provide tips on how to avoid creating a mess while doing so. After youre done enjoying your resin incense, you can extinguish the candle and allow the oil and incense to cool down. The Best Of The Best High-Vibe Home Styling With mbg Feng Shui Master, The School Of Intention Feng Shui Certification Program. Burning cedar is a great way to clear the air when you're in the midst of releasing some bad juju. Start with a pea-sized amount and increase the amount as needed. It will help disperse heat from the charcoal so your censer doesn't get too hot. While grinding the herbs with your mortar, "Visualize" the . There are 14 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. You may then light your charcoal. Some people prefer more high-quality charcoal made from materials like bamboo. By using our site, you agree to our. You can also put some foil over the bowl and make a small dip in it so that it becomes bowl-shaped but doesn't actually conform to the shape of the bowl. Whether it's breaking a habit, embarking on a new path, or opening up to more creativity, powerful and fragrant rosemary can help open doors to the new. It can be added to a massage oil or cream. How to Burn Resin Incense Without Charcoal. Place enough soap to fill the mold in a heatproof container and microwave for 30 seconds at a time. Myrrh Essential Oil. Now that you know how to burn resin without charcoal, its time to try out a few methods and see which one is your favorite. Light your candle and enjoy your homemade incense! I have extensive social media experience and have been integrating analytics, web sites and social media for years. Alternatively, you can use a match or lighter to light the charcoal. Once the oil and resin reach a high enough temperature, it will start to release its scent. If you recently lost a loved one, consider incorporating myrrh into the death ritual when appropriate. In this blog post, we will explore three different methods for burning resin without using charcoal. By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. What is Egyptian Musk Incense? It would be even better to cut the can two-thirds of the way from the bottom. That way you can try out a variety of different incenses like palo santo, altar blend, white myrrh, white copal, frankincense, 7 arcangeles, benzoin, and frankincense to see which you like best. Can Incense Get You High? Leftover particles and dirt may change the scent of the resin. Avoid using anything made of plastic or glass, as they can melt or discolor when exposed to high heat. Palo Santo is a sacred wood that comes from the Palo Santo tree indigenous to the coast of South America. Insert a little bit of copal resin into the disc's indentation at the top. Step 1 Take an abalone or seashell or a small bowl or container that is able to transfer heat without getting burned. If the copal is burning too hot for your liking, turn the burner down. An oil warmer is a glass or ceramic dish that sits above a candle or other flame or heat source. It's very fresh and aromatic, and grinding in a mortar really releases the scent. how to burn myrrh resin without charcoal. Fourth, place the heat-resistant surface with the smoldering resin on a safe, non-flammable surface. Even though this method is still relatively safe, you are working with an open flame. It can also be used to ward off negative energy. These round bricks are specially made with potassium so they will light with the first contact with flame. These will add some fragrance to the burning incense. So they are harder to use, and their smell will also blend and cover up the scent of your incense. United States of America. There are different types of resin incense coming from different trees, such as amber, copal. Feature 1.Material: Metal 2.Size: Height 6.7 inch, Diameter 2.4 inch 3.Weight: 0.31lbs / 130g 4.Tongs: Save your fingers with included set of tongs specially designed to handle incense 5.Functional Design: Removable ash-tray, easy to remove ash tray allows ample air circulation to help burn your incense bakhoor frankincense, to allow ashes to fall below and keep the coal burning longer 6 . Burning resin incense is a great way to enjoy the scent of your favorite resins without having to deal with the mess of burning them directly. 1990 parade all american football team . Never leave the oil warmer unattended. When youre ready to burn your resin, light a small unscented tea candle, and place it underneath the can. Shes a Stanford-educated art historian with more than a decade of experience in design yet her approach to space is simple. The water will keep the incense from sicking to the burner. If youre looking to try burning resin incense for the first time, Id highly recommend checking out this Resin Incense Set (Amazon link). Ill walk you through how to do it! Visit Insider's homepage for more stories. Sprinkle or place a few pieces of resin over the charcoal and let it melt and burn. Burn juniper if you're looking to feel more comfortable in your home. The most common way to burn myrrh resin is to burn it upon charcoal. To burn resin incense without charcoal, you can make an incense burner using an old soda can and a tea light candle. Today most cultures around the world use manufactured charcoal pucks made from . In addition to keeping your charcoal held in place, the sand will also help to evenly displace the heat and prevent damaging or cracking your incense burner. % of people told us that this article helped them. Frankincense melts and burns to smoke, myrrh sort of smoulders. Your charcoal should have a thin layer of ash on top of it when its time to add the resin. Just make sure to take all necessary safety precautions like not leaving it unattended, since you are working with an open flame. Turn the stove burner on to medium-high, and then set a piece of resin on the foil. Whichever method you choose, keep in mind the following tips to make the most of resin incense. Take about 2 inches of sand and place it in your censer or charcoal burner. And instead of creating a relaxing atmosphere, it might make you feel like youre struggling to breathe! 3 Use a pan to burn the copal on your stove for another quick solution.
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