Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 United States, February 12 Tobacco induced diseases. Access the latest 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) content from across The Lancet journals as it is published. Zhou, F. et al. ScienceDaily. Clinical characteristics of 113 deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective study. French researchers are trying to find out. Naomi A. van Westen-Lagerweij. "Besides examining associations by type of virus, a key reason we re-analyzed the original British Cold Study is to report a risk ratio instead of an odds ratio," Dove explained. Bone Jt. According to the Global Center for Good Governance in Tobacco Control, the tobacco industry was actively involved in downplaying the role of smoking in COVID-19 by spreading claims that smoking or vaping protects against COVID-1910. 2020;368:m1091. Abstract. The World Health Organization (WHO) maintains that smoking any kind of tobacco reduces lung capacity and may increase the risk and severity of respiratory infections like COVID-19. Allergy 75, 17301741 (2020). Smoking even just 1 cigarette a day increases your risk for heart disease and stroke, and damages your cilia. Eur. Please enter a term before submitting your search. 2020;133(9):1032-8. https://doi.10.1097/CM9.000000000000775 23. Med. Aside from the methodological issues in these studies, there are more reasons why hospital data are not suitable for determining the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among smokers. 10 Another study of 323 hospitalized patients in Wuhan, China, reported a statistically significant association between smoking and severity of disease (OR 3.5 (95% CI 1.2 10.2).15 Kozak et al. Tob. The Journal of Infection. Clinical characteristics of refractory COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. To update your cookie settings, please visit the Cookie Preference Center for this site. Although scientific discussions could be continued afterwards on the preprint servers, the media and many scientists did not follow these discussions. Epidemiological, clinical characteristics of cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection with abnormal imaging findings. Much of the global focus on tobacco prevention and cessation focuses around non-infective respiratory, cardiovascular, and cancer related deaths, and much of the e-cigarette promotional rhetoric revolves around potentially saving billions of lives that . Farsalinos, K., Barbouni, A. Patanavanich, R. & Glantz, S. A. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. Apr 27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.04.009. eCollection 2023 Jan. J Affect Disord Rep. 2021 Dec;6:100191. doi: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100191. Smoking im-pairs lung function and pulmonary immune function, compromising the body's defense mechanisms against infections [3]. Epidemiological, clinical characteristics and outcome of medical staff infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective case series analysis. To update your cookie settings, please visit the, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30239-3, View Large Shi Y, Yu X, Zhao H, Wang H, Zhao R, Sheng J. Collecting smoking history is challenging in emergency contexts and severity of disease is often not clearly defined and is inconsistent Interplay Between Sociodemographic Variables, Physical Activity, Sleep, Dietary Habits, and Immune Health Status: A Cross-Sectional Study From Saudi Arabia's Western Province. Tijdschr. Clinical course and outcomes of critically Med. 2020. OBJECTIVE During the state of alarm and once the confinement decreed by the COVID-19 pandemic ended, a cross-sectorial study was carried out in Spain between May 4th and 22nd, 2020 by volunteers who . However, once infected an increased risk of severe disease is reported. Dis. Smoking links to the severity of Covid-19: An update of a meta-analysis. Apr 23;S0163-4453(20)30234-6. https://doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.021 38. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. 2020. Chen J, et al. Res. We also point out the methodological flaws of various studies on which hasty conclusions were based. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Virol. Emerg. Case characteristics, resource use, and outcomes of 10 021 patients with COVID-19 admitted to 920 German hospitals: an observational study. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2021362. After all, we know smoking is bad for our health. 1 in the world byNewsweekin its list of the "World's Best Hospitals." Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society 343, 3339 (2020). & Miyara, M. A nicotinic hypothesis for Covid-19 with preventive and therapeutic implications. In South Africa, before the pandemic, the. "Smoking increases the risk of illness and viral infection, including type of coronavirus." Due to the preliminary nature of the many non-peer-reviewed reports issued during the COVID-19 pandemic, preprint repositories were deliberately excluded from this review. 164, 22062216 (2004). Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). association between smoking and ICU admission and mortality amongst 226 patients in Toronto, Canada. Thank you for visiting nature.com. 2020. https://doi:10.1002/jmv.25783 26. "I think the reasonable assumption is that because of those injuries to local defenses and the information we have from other respiratory infections, people who smoke will be at more risk for more serious COVID-19 infection and more likely to get even critical disease and have to be hospitalized.". PubMed Epub 2020 Apr 6. The risk of transmitting the virus is . Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Background Conflicting evidence has emerged regarding the relevance of smoking on risk of COVID-19 and its severity. 2020. 2020. https://doi.org/10.32388/WPP19W.3 6. Dove was supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, through grant number UL1 TR001860 and linked award KL2 TR001859. Feb 19. https://doi:10.1111/all.14238 28. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. MERS transmission and risk factors: a systematic review. Would you like email updates of new search results? Covid-19 can be . Farsalinos K, Barbouni Journal of Medical Virology. Current smokers have. First, many critically ill COVID-19 patients have severe comorbidities that may exclude them from being admitted to a hospital or intensive care unit. Mortal. Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee. This was the first association between tobacco smoking and chronic respiratory disease. Med. 8, 247255 (2020). Alharbi AS, Altwaim SA, Alharbi AS, Alsulami S. Cureus. Journal of Korean Medical Science. / Nicotine Dependence Center / Mayo Clinic", "And we know from the previous coronavirus outbreaks, especially the MERS (Middle East respiratory syndrome) outbreak, that smokers were more susceptible to infection and more likely to get more serious infection," says Dr. Hays. Smoking and Influenza-associated Morbidity and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3 30. Clinical Infectious Diseases. Coronavirus symptoms: 10 key indicators and . Factors associated with anxiety in males and females in the Lebanese population during the COVID-19 lockdown. Critical Care. 182, 693718 (2010). Background: Identification of prognostic factors in COVID-19 remains a global challenge. Lancet Respir. Other UC Davis researchers who participated in the study included Bruce Leistikow and Nossin Khan from the Department of Public Health Sciences. Data from the British Cold Study is available on the Carnegie Mellon University The Common Cold Project website. Kim ES, Chin BS, Kang CK, Kim NJ, Kang YM, Choi JP, et al. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Copyright 2023 Elsevier Inc. except certain content provided by third parties. Heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 progression underscores the urgent need to identify individual-level susceptibility factors that . Although it is clear that smoking is a risk factor for the severity of Covid-19, early studies reported an underrepresentation of smokers among patients hospitalized for Covid-19 [25]. Smoking affects every system in your body. A review was conducted on 12 May 2020 on smoking and COVID-19, using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and WHO Global Database. Active smoking is not associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). "Smoking, vaping, hand-to-mouth social behavior, probably not distanced, unmasked, and exhaling and inhaling deeply, creating an aerosol of droplets those are all the ways that we know it gets spread. Apr 15. https://doi:10.1002/jmv.2588 36. An official website of the United States government. 41 found a statistically significant Cite this article. 2020. of America. First, in line with national guidelines, primary HCPs can choose to ask patients about their smoking status during consultations, inform smokers about the dangers of smoking, advise smokers to quit smoking and offer cessation support to all smokers. FOIA International Society for Infectious Diseases. Ando W, Horii T, Jimbo M, Uematsu T, Atsuda K, Hanaki H, Otori K. Front Public Health. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The evidence remains inconclusive, but it seems that some public health experts and journalists don't want to get to the bottom of this mystery. npj Prim. Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Zhang, J. J. et al. Sheltzer, J. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China: A Nationwide Analysis. Google Scholar. 2022 Nov 22;10:985494. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.985494. Reep-van den Bergh, C. M. M., Harteloh, P. P. M. & Croes, E. A. Doodsoorzaak nr. Journalists: Broadcast-quality sound bites with Dr. Hays are available in the downloads. However, the same authors found a statistically significant association between smoking status and primary endpoints of admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU), ventilator use or death. However, researchers weren't sure about the impact smoking had on the severity of COVID-19 outcomes. Guo FR. Two meta-analyses reported pooled prevalence of smoking in hospitalized patients using a subset of these studies (between 6 and 13 studies). Breathing in smoke can cause coughing and irritation to your respiratory system. CAS And smoking has . Based on the earlier work of E.A.C., N.A.v.W.-L. wrote the first and subsequent versions of the manuscript. and transmitted securely. PubMed Central Alraddadi, B. M. et al. Karagiannidis, C. et al. Preprint at MedRxiv https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.04.20188771v4 (2020). The authors of the French study suggest the mechanism behind the protective effects of smoking could be found in nicotine. Med. Changeux, J. P., Amoura, Z., Rey, F. A. Infect. Preprint at https://www.qeios.com/read/VFA5YK (2020). "Past research has shown that smoking increases the risk of COVID-19 disease severity, but the risk of infection had been less clear," said UC Davis tobacco researcher and lead author of the study Melanie Dove. The harms of tobacco use are well-established. Low rate of daily active tobacco smoking in patients with symptomatic COVID-19. Tobacco smoking and COVID-19 infection Lancet Respir Med. Those who reported smoking and were hospitalized due to pneumonia from COVID-19 were less likely to recover. Surg. Google Scholar. This includes access to COVID-19 vaccines, testing, and treatment. Tobacco induced diseases. Wan S, Xiang Y, Fang W, Zheng Y, Li B, Hu Y, et al. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00284 43. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Smoking injures the local defenses in the lungs by increasing mucus . Smoking may enhance the risk of COVID-19 by its biological effects and behaviors of smokers. Interestingly, the lead author of this research has been funded by the tobacco industry in the past, and also other researchers who have made similar claims can be linked with the tobacco industry, indicating a possible conflict of interest. A report of the Surgeon General. Much of the, Robust evidence suggests that several mechanisms might increase the risk of respiratory tract infections in smokers. Induc. 2020. Text the word "QUIT" (7848) to IQUIT (47848) for free help. For the safety of its patients, staff and visitors, Mayo Clinic has strict masking policies in place. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Vardavas, C. & Nikitara, K. COVID-19 and smoking: a systematic review of the evidence. 2020 Oct;34(10):e581-e582. Researchers at the Piti Salptrire hospital in Paris are using nicotine patches as part of a study to see if nicotine can help prevent or slow down . Miyara, M. et al. Due to the fluid nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientific understanding, along with guidelines and recommendations, may have changed since the original publication date. 2020 May;29(3):245-246. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055807. This research question requires well-designed population-based studies that control for age and relevant underlying risk factors. Given the well-established harms associated with tobacco use and second-hand smoke exposure;2 WHO recommends that tobacco users stop using tobacco. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify changes in smoking behaviors along with the reasons thereof, 1 year after the pandemic started. in the six meta-analyses of smoking and severity (five to seven studies in each analysis), resulting in 1,604 sets of patient data being reported more than once. This has led to claims that a 'smoker's paradox' may exist in COVID-19, wherein smokers are protected from infection and severe complications of COVID-19 . Zheng Z, Peng F, Xu PubMed Lancet. Klemperer, E. M., West, J. C., Peasley-Miklus, C. & Villanti, A. C. Change in tobacco and electronic cigarette use and motivation to quit in response to COVID-19. Underner M, Peiffer G, Perriot J, Jaafari N. Rev Mal Respir. Tobacco causes 8 million deaths every year from cardiovascular diseases, lung disorders, cancers, diabetes, and hypertension.1 Smoking tobacco is also a known risk factor for severe disease and death from The Lancet Oncology. doi: 10.1111/jdv.16738. Get the latest science news in your RSS reader with ScienceDaily's hourly updated newsfeeds, covering hundreds of topics: Keep up to date with the latest news from ScienceDaily via social networks: Tell us what you think of ScienceDaily -- we welcome both positive and negative comments. 2020;157:104821. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of smoking in COVID-19.MethodsA total of 622 patients with COVID-19 in China were enrolled in the study. These include current smokers being more likely to get tested due to increased symptoms and smoking status being under-reported in electronic health records. A study, which pooled observational and genetic data on . Archives of Academic Emergency Medicine. Mar 13.https://doi:10.1002/jmv.25763 33. 2020. factors not considered in the studies. Hospital based studies that report patient characteristics can suffer from several limitations, including poor data quality. The tobacco industry in the time of COVID-19: time to shut it down? Children exposed to second-hand smoke are also prone to suffer more severe . Lancet 395, 497506 (2020). 1 bij jonge Nederlanders: de sigaret. It's common knowledge that smoking is bad for your health. And, when it comes to the COVID-19 pandemic, the side effects of smoking and the behaviors of people who smoke or vape could create a one-two punch. Although it is well established that cigarette smoking is associated with morbidity and mortality in several respiratory infections, data from recent studies suggest that active smokers are underrepresented among patients with COVID-19. & Niaura, R. Smoking, vaping and hospitalization for COVID-19. The meta-analysis by Emami et al. C, Zhang X, Wu H, Wang J, et al. Proven interventions to help users quit include toll-free quit lines, mobile text-messaging cessation programmes, The origins of the myth. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Moreover, there is growing evidence that smokers have worse outcomes after contracting the virus than non-smokers3. A university hospital in Paris appears to have collected their data more systematically: they asked 482 COVID-19 patients whether they smoked or had done so in the past, resulting in only 9 missing answers27. Gut. Cases with a history of smoking achieved a higher rate of COVID-19 disease progression as opposed to those having not smoked (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.29-1.81, P < 0.00001), while no significant association could be found between smoking status and COVID-19 disease progression (OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.93-1.63, P = 0.15). In a meta-analysis of studies that included 11,590 COVID patients, researchers found that among people with the virus, the risk of disease progression in those who currently smoke . Association Between Smoking and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Cross-sectional Study of the EPICOVID19 Internet-Based Survey JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021;7(4):e27091 doi: 10.2196/27091 PMID: 33668011 PMCID: 8081027 many respiratory infections.2-4 In the COVID-19 pandemic, questions have been asked about clinical outcomes for smokers, and whether they are equally susceptible to infection, and if nicotine has any biological effect on the SAR-CoV-2 virus (the virus Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Methods We undertook large-scale observational and Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses using UK Biobank. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, gains entry into human cells . Breathing in any amount of smoke is bad for your health. Dis. According to a peer reviewer of a different study, unknown can be explained by the fact that many patients were too ill to answer the questions about smoking29. To date, there is no strong evidence (i.e., evidence based on causal research) that smokers are protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection. 8(5): 475-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5 27. 2020;21(3):335-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30096-6 21. doi: 10.7759/cureus.33211. European Journal of Internal Medicine. However, 27 observational studies found that smokers constituted 1.4-18.5% of hospitalized adults. Google Scholar, The Netherlands Expertise Centre for Tobacco Control, Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands, Naomi A. van Westen-Lagerweij,Marc C. Willemsen&Esther A. Croes, Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Naomi A. van Westen-Lagerweij&Marc C. Willemsen, Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands, Eline Meijer,Elisabeth G. Meeuwsen&Niels H. Chavannes, You can also search for this author in The liver has the greatest regenerative capacity of any organ in the body, making it possible for surgeons to treat cancerous and noncancerous diseases with Mayo Clinic in Rochester is again ranked No. Are smokers protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19)? Arch. All observational studies reported the prevalence of smoking amongst hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Methods Univariable and . The health Care Respir. And the virus easily can be transmitted as a person picks up an object and then puts it near an unmasked face. Article Smoking also increases your chances of developing blood clots. For the majority, the increased stress of a potentially fatal disease, possibility of loss of employment, feelings of insecurity, confinement, and boredom, could increase the desire to smoke. calculation and concluded that this association was indeed statistically significant (OR 2.2 (95% CI 1.3 3.7). Content on this website is for information only. Epub 2020 Apr 8. Epub 2020 Jun 16. The social behavior of smoking and vaping also can increase the risk of spreading the virus, as people who smoke or vape oftentimes do so in groups. Banning tobacco sales might not be wholly effective if people are still able to access cigarettes and so other measures need to be implemented to discourage tobacco use. MMW Fortschr Med. Simons, D., Shahab, L., Brown, J. These results did not vary by type of virus, including a coronavirus. The authors declare no competing interests. Careers. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. 8-32 Two meta-analyses have Here we use two examples (one Chinese and one French study) to illustrate the most common problems with these studies. Guo FR. J. Respir. This definition allows individuals to have been a smoker the day before development of COVID-19 symptoms. At the time of this review, the available evidence suggests that smoking is associated with increased severity of disease and death in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Miyara M, Tubach F, Pourcher V, Morelot-Panzini C, Pernet J, Lebbah S, et al. Prevalence of Underlying Diseases in Hospitalized Patients with COVID19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Well-designed population-based studies are needed to address questions about the risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2 and the risk of hospitalization with COVID-19. Due to the great need for knowledge about COVID-19 and the associated publication pressure, several manuscripts were quickly published in peer-reviewed journals without undergoing adequate peer review. Care Med. Huang, C. et al. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Nicotine Tob. We now know that <20% of COVID-19 preprints actually received comments4. Guo et al., 39 however, later identified errors in the Smoking and vaping lower the lung's immune response to infection. "Odds ratios may overestimate the strength of an association if an event is not rare (>10%), so our results are a little lower (1.48 compared with 2.1 in the BCS). The relative risks from this study can provide an estimate of the strength of associations that can be used to guide tobacco control decisions.". https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.23.394577v3 (2020). Tob. Also, many manuscripts did not initially follow the traditional time-consuming peer review process but were immediately shared online as a preprint. COVID-19 attacks the lungs, and people who smoke or vape are at higher risk of developing lung infections. Smoking is an established risk factor for respiratory infections [].Therefore, it was not surprising that reports suggested a higher risk for severe COVID-19 among hospitalized smokers [2,3,4].However, these studies failed to notice the relatively low prevalence of smoking among hospitalized . The role of smoking is still controversial.Methods: PCR-positive in- and outpatients with symptomatic COVID-19 from a large French University hospital were systematically interviewed for their smoking status, use of e-cigarette, and nicotinic substitutes. Data published by CDC public health programs to help save lives and protect people from health, safety, and security threats. Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease. The site is secure. The severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection demonstrates a highly variable and unpredictable course. van Westen-Lagerweij, N.A., Meijer, E., Meeuwsen, E.G. Information in this post was accurate at the time of its posting. Epidemiology. The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle and reducing risk factors that can worsen disease. Clinical course and risk factors Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! RNvZ-S reports personal fees from Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, AstraZeneca, Roche, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cipla, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, and Pfizer, outside of the submitted work. Global center for good governance in tobacco control. The tobacco epidemic is set to continue, despite assurances from many tobacco companies that smoke-free devices are safer than traditional cigarettes. A report of the Surgeon General. severe infections from Covid-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa270 (2020). 2020. Lancet Respir. Starting in March 2020, studies began to show that smokers were under-represented among COVID-19 patients, suggesting that something in tobacco may offer protection against SARS-COV-2 infection. All authors approved the final version for submission. 2020;75:107-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2020.03.014 39. This paper quantifies the association between smoking and COVID-19 disease progression. Almansour A, Alamoudi NB, AlUrifan S, Alarifi S, Alagil J, Alamrie RM, Althunyan A, Alghumlas A, Alreedy A, Farea A, Alshehri S, Alumran A. Tob Induc Dis. government site. Lippi et al.38 analysed data from 5 studies totalling 1399 patients and found a non-significant association between smoking and severity. Individual studies not included in meta-analyses: Nine studies were not included in any of the meta-analyses identified. The site is secure. May 29. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Yu T, Cai S, Zheng Z, Cai X, Liu Y, Yin S, et al. For help quitting smoking or vaping: Visit the free and confidential New York State Smokers' Quitline online, call 1-866-NY-QUITS (1-866-697-8487), or text (716) 309-4688. Cluster of COVID-19 in northern France: A retrospective closed cohort study. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Questions? Currently, no evidence suggests that e-cigarette use increases the risk of being infected by SARS-CoV-2. We investigated the association between smoking and COVID-19 during an outbreak of the disease on a naval vessel. 34 analysed data for 5960 hospitalized patients and found a pooled prevalence of 6.5% (1.4% - 12.6%). Clinical trials of nicotine patches are . Investigative Radiology. 18, 58 (2020). Current snus use was associated with a 68% higher risk of a confirmed COVID-19 case (RR 1.68 . 18, 63 (2020). It also notes . Wu J, Wu X, Zeng W, Guo D, Fang Z, Chen L, et al. Lancet. Bommel, J. et al. Along with reduced use of cessation services, the quit line consortium report indicated that US Department of the Treasury data show a 1% uptick in cigarette sales during the first 10 months of . 2020. 22, 16621663 (2020). Effect of smoking on coronavirus disease susceptibility: A case-control study. C. R. Biol. In epidemiology, cross-sectional studies are the weakest form of observational studies. 8(1): e35 34. March 28, 2020. Melanie S Dove, Bruce N Leistikow, Nossin Khan, Elisa K Tong. The studies also contained other major methodological flaws, including incompleteness of data (the majority of the studies had >20% missing data on smoking status3), selection bias28 and misclassification bias3. E.M., E.G.M., N.H.C., M.C.W. Such studies are also prone to significant sampling bias. These include conventional cigarettes (CCs), heated tobacco products (HTPs), and electronic cigarettes (ECs). Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of 74 cases of coronavirus-infected disease 2019 (COVID-19) with gastrointestinal symptoms.
The Box Plots Show The Distributions Of Daily Temperatures,
Marcus Spears Annual Salary,
Articles T