The pilot in command of N464M on October 2, 1970, was Danny E. Crocker, and the co-pilot was Ronald Skipper, President of Golden Eagle. On August 7, 1970, Woodruff, a member of the legal staff of the FAA Aeronautical Center in Oklahoma City, served the notice of proposed certificate action upon Everett in the offices of Golden Eagle, with Skipper and another Golden Eagle official present. If an engine is tested cold and shows satisfactory compression readings, it is not necessary to warm the engine or to borescope the cylinders for more accurate readings. See Marival, Inc. v. Planes, Inc., supra. I love you so much and I miss you dearly. 12. Through the efforts of Golden Eagle, Wichita State University also entered into an agreement, dated November 22, 1969, with Aero Data Link, a company formed and operated by John Kennedy, a *390 vice-president of Golden Eagle, for the lease of an aircraft for the 1969-1970 basketball season. A military academy professor (Ray Milland) becomes romantically entangled with a young woman (Ginger Rogers) whom he first encounters when she poses as a 12-year-old to get a reduced train fare in . Plaintiffs offered evidence to prove Donald Sizemore, an AI certified by the FAA, did negligently inspect N464M approximately one month prior to the date of the air crash, and after failing to discover and report several deficiencies, he certified in the aircraft maintenance records that he found the craft to be in airworthy condition and approved it for return to service. In 1970, the responsibility for investigating suspected violations of Part 121 was vested in Air Carrier District Offices. However, a person who furnishes both the crew and a large aircraft to another for compensation or hire is deemed to be the aircraft operator and must possess a Part 121 commercial operator's certificate. 104. KBI: Nine people booked following drug search warrant, Narcotics investigation leads to three arrested, Three women arrested following narcotics search warrant, Candidate skill-building workshop held in Manhattan, Trump says an indictment would not end presidential campaign, Topeka citizens show support for Special Olympics Kansas during Polar Plunge. 90803-2125 Phone : (562) 430-9391 E-mail: rmajor696@charter.net Contact Name: Bill Glover Address: 1929 SW 16th Pl. The discretionary function exception to the Federal Tort Claims Act found at 28 U.S.C. In this decision the Court principally relies on two United States Supreme Court opinions, one decision of the Court of Appeals, and one District Court decision of great clarity, viz. On or about May 1, 1970, Hanson received a report from an Air Carrier Inspector in Memphis, Tennessee, that Golden Eagle was operating a DC-6 into Memphis. Golden Eagle contended it had in no way violated Federal Aviation Regulations. 95. 14. Judgment is entered for the United States and against the plaintiffs herein in each of these multi-district cases. I feel I did everything that I could have done in the situation, Skipper said recently. 129. It is the responsibility of the lowest operational level of Flight Standards, appropriate to the violation involved, for determining whether compliance may best be obtained through *419 administrative enforcement action or through legal enforcement action. At the time of the crash the flight was being conducted under visual flight rules. (1) When it is determined by Flight Standards that formal legal enforcement actions; i. e., civil penalty or certificate action, is necessary, a report, FAA Form 430 (RIS: FS 8030-1), will be filed and processed through the appropriate regional/area Flight Standards Office and forwarded to the regional/area counsel. Take our quiz and find out. I have never minded talking about it. We were scapegoats.. 47. The United States, through the FAA, has preempted and assumed the duty of inspecting aircraft in order to detect and require repair of potentially dangerous conditions before such aircraft can thereafter be utilized. It is not a task which he pursues at his discretion. b. 42. The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 and Regulations adopted pursuant thereto create and establish an actionable duty on the part of FAA personnel to persons in the zone of danger, that is, air passengers, carrier pilots and personnel to carry out operational activities undertaken pursuant to the Act and Regulations in non-negligent manner. Included in the checklist items actually performed on N464M was a power check, which determined all power-plant systems were performing normally. Its hard to fight the full might of the United States government.. *396 87. This lease was sent to the University by Golden Eagle to replace the Aero Data Link lease. The actions of FAA personnel herein alleged to be negligently performed, were discretionary for purposes of the Federal Tort Claims Act exception mandating governmental immunity for discretionary acts even if such discretion be abused. The aircraft was placed in storage at Las Vegas, Nevada, where it remained until it was sold to Jack Richards Aircraft Company. 3. PURPOSE. Even had Abram investigated and understood the nature of the December 1, 1969 arrangement between Golden Eagle and Wichita State, he could have simply issued an administrative warning or sanction to or upon the parties or initiated legal proceedings which could have resulted in a fine or loss of Golden Eagle's certification. 131. Leave your condolences and send flowers to the family to show you care. Hickory. 17. has revoked the air taxi certificate of Golden Eagle Aviation, Inc., which sup plied the plane's crew. On September 8, 1970, the FAA Air Carrier District Office wrote to the legal and patent division of Western Electric in New York, stating Western Electric could aid in the FAA's effort to determine whether or not a violation had been committed by furnishing certain specific documents. 2. The 1970 season. 27.326394,-82.559301 . Events There are no events at this time. N464M was last observed by the FAA Air Traffic Control Specialist at Denver approximately four miles north of the departure end of Runway 35 and on a northerly heading. At all material times, AI's were not required to notify the FAA when they were performing, or had completed, an annual inspection. The SWAP inspection may very well identify unsafe actions or procedures which may warrant legal enforcement action. The Government have announced an extra $ 74 million on Truancy Officers in an attempt to reel in New Zealand's disastrous truancy rates. In view of Abram's knowledge of the December 3, 1969 Golden Eagle flight, and his knowledge of Golden Eagle's certification under Part 135 and not Part 121 of the Federal Aviation Regulations, Abram was negligent in not further pursuing his investigation of the proposed Wichita State trip to College Station, Texas, and the contractual arrangements therefor. And he does seem to have successfully erased much of his memory of the event. They wanted to go see it. The Clerk of this Court is hereby directed to enter judgment in conformity with this Opinion as to the various plaintiffs and the United States as a defendant, and as to the United States and Wichita State University, a public corporation, and the State of Kansas, relative to the third-party complaint of the United States. The story contnues after the crash and into the ensuing FAA investigation. At least one passenger sat in a seat with no seat belt, and one passenger was standing up near the cockpit at the time of the crash. But who was the real Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis? On September 11, 1970, an attorney for Western Electric sent a copy of Western's agreement with Golden Eagle and stated other documents would be furnished shortly. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. The final legal enforcement action to be taken (kind and severity of sanction) will be a product of a joint determination by appropriate Regional/Area Flight Standards personnel and Regional Legal Counsel representatives. From the Aviation Administrator's 1967 Order Outlining Compliance and Enforcement Policy, it is clear the decision as to the extent of investigation, and which enforcement *403 procedure is "appropriate," is left to the lowest operational level of Flight Standards "appropriate to the violation involved." At all material times, AI's were entitled to perform annual inspections wherever and whenever they chose, so long as an AI performed enough inspections each year to maintain his rating. See Hall v. United States, 274 F.2d 69 (10th Cir. e. What action was taken by employer or other government authority? folder_openhow fast does tyreek hill run mph. Renner, a 21-year old quarterback, was seated in the back of the plane along with most of the other survivors. Ingham v. Eastern Airlines, Inc., supra. This Court holds the misrepresentation exception of 2680(h) is not applicable under the facts here. Info on three postal boxes associated . James P. Buchele, U. S. He held a First Class Medical Certificate, issued by the FAA on July 27, 1970, with the limitation: "holder shall wear correcting glasses while exercising the privileges of his Airman's Certificate." Decided: July 31, 2006. Atty., Wichita, Kan., Jonathan Hoffman and Michael J. Panjia, U. S. Dept. In August, 1970, the Air Carrier District Office still needed to obtain additional facts to ascertain sufficient and admissible evidence to determine whether Golden Eagle had in fact violated regulations by its Western Electric operation. Golden Eagle was not required to hold any FAA certificate in order to engage in consulting services to potential users of large aircraft, or to supply flight crew members to operators of large aircraft. During the flight to Denver, he visited passengers in the cabin, telling them they would be taking a more scenic route than the original flight plan. On July 23, 1970, the Oklahoma City GADO obtained and forwarded a copy of the aircraft lease agreement between Concare Aircraft Leasing Corporation and John P. Kennedy, d/b/a Aero Data Link of Huntington, New York. He never married; he will turn 55 in November. 18. Any willful or deliberate violations such as falsification of records are considered in this latter category. Copyright 2022 KWCH. 126. He is preceded in death by his Mother Sheran Huntington, his Son Kody R. Skipper and a Nephew Ricky Smith. 50. Skipper attended Cache Public Schools until the fifth grade until his family moved to Layton, Utah where Skipper would reside until his early adult life. Abram did, however, call Hanson at Oklahoma City GADO to report the incident. 29. Upon the Government's dispositive motion to dismiss or for summary judgment, Judge Edenfield held that the third-party action against the government was barred by 2680(h) exempting government from liability under the Federal Tort Claims Act for any claim arising out of misrepresentation. SGT WILLIAM WALLACE ABSHEAR. He says Crocker saw the engine on fire before the crash and that other witnesses on the ground did as well. 34. She captured the hearts of world leaders, fashion icons and people all over the planet, who knew her as Jackie Kennedy, Jacqueline Onassis, or simply Jackie O. In this instance, after Hanson, as inspector, determined from his investigation, and Plummer's legal opinion that legal enforcement action would be appropriate, he forwarded a report and all documents to the Air Carrier District Office of Flight Standards, who had the duty to further investigate and concur with Regional Counsel upon sanctions to be sought. 77. View All obituaries This Week. A determinative factor is whether agency policy, as expressed in rules and regulations adopted by higher-ranking officials, is for lower-level personnel to make policy decisions on a case-by-case basis, guided only by general statements of agency philosophy, or whether such lower officials are required by rules and regulations to undertake limited specific functions upon being presented with a situation requiring some official action on their part. Even if the FAA had known of Sizemore's negligence in failing to fulfill regulations governing his annual inspection of N464M, and had issued an emergency revocation of N464M's aircraft airworthiness certificate, such revocation would have only prevented this specific aircraft from being flown. Ronald Skipper, copilot of the downed plane and president of Jack Richards Aircraft Company, testified that he did not know why Crocker grabbed the controls from him or why the engines began vibrating immediately before the crash. The crash did not occur during a planned takeoff or landing, and the "Fasten Seat Belts" sign was not lighted at the time N464M crashed, nor immediately prior thereto. BEST OFFER - SAVE 37%. This agreement was signed by Ronald G. Skipper, of Golden Eagle, and Robert P. Kirkpatrick, of Wichita State University. An FAA inspector does not have discretion to ignore or approve a suspected violation of Federal Air Regulations. 18. 73. Meyers and Whitehead reported this information to FAA inspectors Hanson and Crocker, of the Oklahoma City GADO. During Ronald's early childhood he and his parents then left Okinawa and moved back to the Cache. The ultimate decision must be the product of judgment and experience applied to the facts and circumstances *418 of the individual case. 1977). Ralph Danford "Danny" Skipper Charleston - Ralph Danford "Danny" Skipper, 76, of Charleston, South Carolina, entered into eternal rest Tuesday, October 19, 2021. 8. In the report, the NTSB said the accident happened because Skipper and Crocker flew the plane into a box canyon at an altitude that would not allow it to clear the mountains at the other end. d. What hazard or lack of safety of others was created which should have been foreseen? 90. Additionally, it was requested that Western Electric submit a statement regarding the entire relationship between Golden Eagle and Western Electric. . On December 3, 1969, Skipper and Danielson piloted a DC-3 from Wichita to Las Cruces, New Mexico, and back, carrying members of the Wichita State University basketball team. . But I dont feel badly about anything I did.. www . https://www.nytimes.com/1970/10/12/archives/copilot-in-crash-defends-the-crew-calls-pilots-qualified-and-terms.html. Immediately upon receiving this flyer, Abram called Floyd Farmer, of Wichita State, to ascertain further facts about the proposed trip. 11. But in the period immediately following the crash, Skipper says he lost everything he owned and was forced to move in with his parents in Florida. 56. The maximum certified gross weight for takeoff of a Martin 404 aircraft at Denver, assuming airport elevation to be 5,330 feet above mean sea level (M.S.L. First, there must be created an actionable duty to plaintiff or his class by statute or regulation whose primary purpose was to protect them from danger flowing directly out of such duties. Pinger agreed and thereafter opened a post office box and bank account in Indianapolis, Indiana in the name of Aero Data Link, which account was never used. 76. c. GENERAL AVIATION (Airmen). The flight planning for N464M called for a northbound departure from Denver, on established airways, via Laramie, Wyoming. After considerable delay of several years, due principally to the severe illness of a material witness, discovery was completed so the case could be tried. The Martin 404 suddenly went out of control seconds before it plummeted into a, ridge, said Ronald G. Skipper, the copilot and president of, the firm that furnished the crew. c. Flight Standards and CounselSelection of Sanction. 52. b. 2680(a), is a jurisdictional bar to consideration of a legal claim if it applies. There is no evidence the crash of N464M was caused either wholly or in part by faulty landing gear, engine mounts, or fabric. As noted in an earlier column, Netflix takes a page from the HBO playbook, streaming a live comedy special on a Saturday night. 132. On September 29, 1970, the FAA Air Carrier District Office wrote to Western Electric's attorney, stating it had not yet received the documents it had requested both by letter and telephone. As will be noted following, the Indian Towing case was considered precedential in Neustadt and other later federal cases, and more significantly, the factual situation and allegations of governmental negligence closely resemble acts or omissions of Sizemore, the FAA authorized inspector in this case. (3) Appropriate consideration of special and/or mitigating circumstances. 61.16(a) (1) (1970), but the co-pilot was not. The distance to the lowest point (12,517 feet M.S.L.) The aircraft began vibrating and losing altitude immediately. The new lease was signed by Jack Richards and Robert Kirkpatrick. The Martin 404 suddenly went out of control seconds before it plummeted into a, ridge, said Ronald G. Skipper, the copilot and president of, the firm that furnished the crew. 6. There is no photo or video of Ronald Skipper.Be the first to share a memory to pay tribute. N464M struck the tops of trees at an elevation of 10,800 feet M.S.L. Golden Eagle appealed the FAA Emergency Orders of Revocation to a National Transportation Safety Board Hearings Examiner, who affirmed the FAA Orders on November 25, 1970. Wichita waving white flag on Fourth of July skyrockets | Opinion, Inside Derbys controversial, buzzer-beating win in 4 OTs at Washburn Rural for state bid, Kansas State at West Virginia could have major Big 12 Tournament seed implications, AAC tournament seeding on the line for Wichita State basketball: a look at tiebreakers, The bizarre stats the Wichita State basketball team finished with in loss to Houston, Turnovers spoil valiant road effort for Wichita State basketball in loss to No. Paul K. Swartz, Martin, Pringle, Schell & Fair, Wichita, Kan., for Wichita University. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google, District of Kansas US Federal District Court. 8. 78. On October 2, 1970, total time on the airframe of N464M was 38,593 hours, 26 minutes; time since overhaul of the left engine was 1,011 hours, 5 minutes, and time since overhaul on the right engine 1,747 hours, 14 minutes. The Neustadt opinion carefully limited its holding without derogating the previous opinion in Indian Towing as illustrated at footnote 26: In Ingham, the distinction between the type of torts to which the misrepresentation exception applies, and the type to which it does not apply, was again enunciated by Judge Irving Kaufmann, of the Second Circuit panel. While attempting to obtain a lucrative air mail contract under its air taxi certification, Golden Eagle placed an advertisement in the Oklahoma City telephone directory in order to generate some immediate cash flow. Ron was originally born on Oct.8th 1972 in Macon, MO. However, he has the discretion and authority to determine how extensively to investigate a suspected violation. 49. This was not actually done, however, until an emergency order suspending Everett's rating was issued October 8, 1970. N464M flew into the Valley at an approximate altitude of 8,384-9,840 feet M.S.L., and it had climbed to only approximately 11,000 feet by the time it was near Dry Gulch. The defendant's duty to promote safety through inspection and certification of planes is not incidental to the purpose of this Act but is the very reason for its enactment. 119. However, the viability of the misrepresentation contention appears not to have been analyzed by the Court. The "misrepresentation exception" of the Tort Claims Act was specifically argued as a legal defense to governmental liability. 81. 2680(h). The checklist gives the flight crew knowledge as to how the aircraft systems and engines are operating, and whether the aircraft is safe to make a takeoff. 1967); and Marival, Inc. v. Planes, Inc., D.C., 306 F. Supp. WICHITA, Kan. (KWCH) - Dave Lewis, who survived the plane crash that killed 28 members of the Wichita State football team, including players, coaches, boosters, the schools athletic director and other support staff, died on Sunday, the university announced. Such advertisement stated in part: 13. 43. The aircraft N464M arrived at Stapleton International Airport, Denver, Colorado, at approximately 11:19 a. m. 24. If he continues to fulfill certain minimal requirements the FAA provides for automatic renewal of his license without retesting. Aero Data Link leased the DC-6A aircraft involved in the April 6, 1970, contract with Western Electric from Concare Aircraft Leasing Corporation of Tulsa, Oklahoma. On August 12, 1970, Kennedy mailed a copy of the lease between Aero Data Link and Western Electric to Hanson of the FAA. Was the violation inadvertent or deliberate? It is true, as plaintiffs claim, that Part 121 of the Federal Aviation Regulations provisions was enacted to insure more detailed safety compliance by a commercial operator. In 1970, the FAA initiated enforcement action in the form of "Notice of Proposed Certificate Action" against Leland Everett, an employee of Golden Eagle. Plaintiffs herein are suing the United States pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. Cancel anytime 128. The Court has previously found the purpose of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 to be protection of the class of persons of which plaintiffs are members from the type of tragedy herein alleged. Some passengers had seat belts on and some did not. In order that the plane's airworthiness certificate remain valid the FAA required such inspection by a duly authorized AI and his certification as a result of such inspection that the aircraft was found to be in airworthy condition and approved to return to service. You can explore additional available newsletters here. After preliminary correspondence, on April 24, 1970, Bert Katzenmeyer, temporary Athletic Director at Wichita State University, accepted by letter Golden Eagle's bid outlining the total cost for transportation, including the aircraft lease and services, for five road games in the fall of 1970. Ronald Ray Skipper Jr. (50) Formerly of Vicksburg, Michigan passed away on Tuesday January 31st, 2023 after a battle with Cancer. 15. It was never intended for the bottom-line truth to come out. 106. It is the duty of the next level of flight Standards to again determine if further investigation is needed to build a legal enforcement case, and to determine, together with counsel, what sanctions should be applied. Most of the legal contentions advanced by either side have previously been addressed by this Court in a memorandum opinion. On June 2, 1970, Loftin's office wrote to Regional Counsel, requesting a legal opinion on the facts which had been obtained at that time. Get free summaries of new District of Kansas US Federal District Court opinions delivered to your inbox! Through services of Golden Eagle in locating the aircraft and sending Wichita State the lease to be signed, such an aircraft was initially leased from Jack Richards Aircraft Company. He also held a Flight Instructor's Certificate for airplane and instruments, which expired January 31, 1969. Waatea Team. In those cases which are being processed for legal enforcement action, using the reporting inspector's analysis and recommendations, Flight Standards is responsible for an independent analysis of the facts and safety impact of each violation. The United States, while denying any liability to plaintiffs, has also filed a third-party complaint against the State of Kansas and Wichita State University. Sizemore did not report the condition of seatbelts he found in an unairworthy condition because Richards had agreed to replace the seatbelts before the plane went into service. Hanson lectured Skipper, Danielson and Kennedy to disassociate the name of Golden Eagle from large aircraft operations, although he admitted they could, as properly licensed individuals, pilot such aircraft if the plane were separately leased by the operator. On November 25, 1969, Danielson, of Golden Eagle, replied to Hanson's letter informing him the purposes of the November 23rd flight were to add a rating to Kennedy's and Danielson's licenses, to negotiate a little business in Wichita, and to have the pleasure of attending a football game. 123. Defendant also contends the Federal Aviation Administration owed no actionable duty to plaintiffs herein under applicable state law. Such procedure does not prevent an operator from utilizing another aircraft. Prior to 1956 most aircraft annual inspections were performed by Federal CAB inspectors. The lease was received by Hanson on August 14, 1970, and was forwarded to Regional Counsel the same day. The standards stated required warnings "necessary and, if complied with, adequate to prevent injury." Even though an actual or potential hazard was created which should have been foreseen, a Letter of Correction may be used where the problem or discrepancy can be corrected by training. Under Section 609 of the Act, the Administrator, if he determines that safety in air commerce or air transportation and the public interest requires, may issue an order amending, modifying, suspending or revoking certificates. It is with deep sorrow that we announce the death of Ronald Skipper (Kalamazoo, Michigan), who passed away on January 31, 2023, leaving to mourn family and friends. Obviously, the crash was not caused by defective seat belts. Radio Waatea is Auckland's only Mori radio station that provides an extensive bi-lingual broadcast to its listeners. 25. *395 71. Woodruff informed Skipper and Everett that at that time Everett had no valid medical certificate and could not legally be used by Golden Eagle as a pilot. But its not something I think about very much. Since the United States has no liability as a tortfeasor, the Court finds it unnecessary to adjudicate any possible claimed tort liability against the State of Kansas. at the Pass. At the 10,800 foot contour, the valley width of Clear Creek Valley at ground level is approximately 2,400 feet. 30. The intent of Congress in enacting the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 was to improve air safety and to prevent or reduce tragic aviation accidents. 15. to over 13,000 feet M.S.L. 99. (2) The recommendation should not be made in terms of specific dollar amounts in civil penalties or specific number of days in cases of suspension or revocation, but adequate information concerning mitigating or aggravating circumstances and background of the airman or operator involved must be provided. The third party complaint of the United States filed herein against the State of Kansas and Wichita State University alleging negligence of the State of Kansas through its public corporation, Wichita State University, was the proximate cause of the air crash and seeking indemnification from the State of Kansas as a joint tortfeasor in case federal governmental liability is adjudicated as a joint tortfeasor, is not barred under the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, as is more completely set forth in the Court's Memorandum and Order previously filed herein on May 26, 1973. 79. Authorize the publication of the original written obituary with the accompanying photo. An FAA inspector has discretion and authority to recommend what sanction, if any, is appropriate for a known violation. M Melissa Jacobs Skipper 5 days ago Such help should be provided upon request. Emergency Revocation of an air taxi/commercial operator certificate requires Regional Counsel of the FAA to be prepared to prove FAA allegations before a National Transportation Safety Board hearing examiner immediately upon certificateholder's appeal, or else risk dismissal of the enforcement action. Captain Danny E. Crocker received a Martin 404 type rating for his Commercial Pilot's Certificate on April 4, 1969. The plane was one of two taking the team, coaches and some fans to Logan, Utah, for a game. Sympathy Ideas. 59. Also, consideration must be given to the fact that those who carry persons or property by aircraft for compensation or hire have a duty to perform their services with the highest possible degree of safety. Plummer based his opinion primarily upon the service agreement between Western Electric and Golden Eagle, stating in his legal document that "when all the provisions of the agreement are considered together and in context, the agreement constitutes an arrangement whereby Golden Eagle provides virtually the same type of aviation transportation services that a commercial operator provides when duly certificated.". Defendant next contends that even if Sizemore were an employee of the United States at the time of his inspection and certification of N464M, plaintiffs' cause of action is barred by the misrepresentation exception to the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. The Court rules, however, that on the basis of the unsubstantiality and credibility of the evidence presented, he cannot find the absence of proper seat belts proximately caused the injuries and deaths. 9. 1 Houston, How Wichita State basketball coach Billy Kennedy hasnt let Parkinsons slow him down, While others shy away, Wichita States Craig Porter sees opportunity in the mid-range, Who I do it for: WSUs Jaron Pierre puts on a show for family in New Orleans homecoming. An obituary is not available at this time for Ronald Skipper. Golden Eagle could still have operated the flight on October 2, 1970, using a different aircraft. For the above reasons, the Court finds even were plaintiffs' first cause of action not barred by 2680(a) of the Federal Tort Claims Act, there is no proof the negligence of any FAA official, investigating Golden Eagle activities or in prosecuting enforcement proceedings against Golden Eagle, was a proximate cause of the tragic air crash of October 2, 1970, near Silver Plume, Colorado. In that agreement Golden Eagle agreed to provide Wichita State University with two pilots properly qualified to operate DC-3 type aircraft, one female stewardess, fuel, oil, ground services, and meals for nineteen passengers on twelve separate occasions, and to transport the passengers to the nearest suitable airport most convenient to Wichita State University requirements.
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