But again, you can return a JSON object. also explained how to grab the response . But this does not limit you in any way, because similar to how you can call *.feature files, you can pass a whole JSON object as the argument. Here is how to replace one placeholder at a time: Karate makes it really easy to substitute multiple placeholders in a single, readable step as follows: Note how strings have to be enclosed in quotes. Here is a good example in the demos: dynamic-params.feature, The single JSON argument needs to be in the form { field1: { read: 'file1.ext' }, field2: { read: 'file2.ext' } } where each nested JSON is in the form expected by multipart file. A working example of calling a SOAP service can be found within the Karate project test-suite. Now we are all set for the Parallel execution with 2. features file. squares.push(foo(n)); { Before we get to the HTTP keywords, it is worth doing a recap of the various shapes that the right-hand-side of an assignment statement can take: They are url, path, request, method and status. This is useful for testing payloads with JSON arrays whose members have a few essential keys that you wish to validate. path to file containing public and private keys for your client certificate. It validates the entire payload in one step and checks if the kittens array contains all the expected items but in any order. Calling a feature file from another file. a password) into a test. This enables more concise tests, and the file can be re-usable in multiple, data-driven tests. While $ always refers to the JSON root, note the use of _$ above to represent the current node of a match each iteration. classpath:, this:, file:) or byte arrays: You may configure the following image comparison options using the configure action: Image comparison engines can also be customized: Best practice is to stick to using only def unless there is a very good reason to do otherwise. } Sometimes when dealing with very large numbers, the JS engine may mangle the number into scientific notation: This can be easily solved by using java.math.BigDecimal: Karate has a built-in HTML templating engine that can be used to insert additional custom HTML into the test-reports. UI for debugging the Test. so if you are going to pass any special characters as data via URL you need to % encode them to avoid conflicts. So you get the picture, any kind of complicated sign-in flow can be scripted and re-used. Valid options are, Function to be called when displaying image comparison rebase in Karate HTML reports (e.g. Assuming the above code is in a file called my-headers.js, the next section on calling other feature files shows how it looks like in action at the beginning of a test script. Take a look at how the configure headers example uses the authToken variable. One of these is the use of a Gherkin file, which describes the tested feature.However, unlike Cucumber, tests aren't written in Java and are fully described in the Gherkin file. The name of the class doesn't matter, and it will automatically run any *. You can use print to log variables to the console in the middle of a script. In real-life scripts, you would typically also use this capability of Karate to configure headers where the specified JavaScript function uses the variables that result from a sign in to manipulate headers for all subsequent HTTP requests. params, headers, cookies, form fields, multipart fields and multipart files take a single JSON argument (which can be in-line or a variable reference), and this enables certain types of dynamic data-driven testing, especially because any JSON key with a null value will be ignored. Simple arrays of strings or numbers can be stripped of duplicates using karate.distinct(). JSON / arrays), see, executes an OS command, but forks a process in parallel and will not block the test like, for advanced conditional logic for e.g. You can always use a JavaScript switch case within an eval or function block. Either - it can be assigned to a variable like so. This tag selection capability is designed for you to be able to compose flows out of existing test-suites when using the Karate Gatling integration. So the above could be re-written as follows: It is worth repeating that the above can be condensed into 2 lines. This report is useful for troubleshooting and debugging a test because all requests and responses are shown in-line with the steps, along with error messages and the output of print statements. A typical need would be to perform a sign in, or create a fresh user as a pre-requisite for the scenarios being tested. ] Here I have defined a variable expectedOutput with def keyword. A great example of how you can extend Karate, even bypass the HTTP client but still use Karates test-automation effectively, is this gRPC example by @thinkerou: karate-grpc. For example a lot of Java projects directly (or indirectly) depend on Netty or Thymeleaf or ANTLR, etc. name: 'John', # but karate allows you to traverse xml like json !! } Note that because the <execution> phase is defined for test, just running mvn clean test will work. A stand-alone example can be found here: examples/image-comparison along with a video explanation. Karate has the following short-cut symbols designed to be mixed into embedded expressions: For completeness, == and != also belong in the above list. Note that it is a map of lists so you will need to do things like this: And just as in the responseCookies example above, you can use match to run complex validations on the responseHeaders. Note that this mode can be also triggered via the command-line by adding -D or --dryrun to the karate.options. A single data file can be used by multiple test cases. Note that url and request are not allowed as variable names. With this, we will execute our test cases in parallel format. any valid JavaScript expression, and variables can be mixed in, another example: equivalent to the above, JavaScript function invocation, Pretty print the request payload JSON or XML with indenting (default, Pretty print the response payload JSON or XML with indenting (default. And a very common need would be to use a file as the request body: The rarely used file: prefix is also supported. You usually wont need this, but the second-last line above shows how the karate object can be used to evaluate JsonPath if the filter expression depends on a variable. By default, Karate will load all *.feature files from sub-directories as well. * url myUrl. It also details how a third-party library can be easily used to generate some very nice-looking reports, from the JSON output of the parallel runner. Karate has an elegant way to set multiple keys (via path expressions) in one step. {@F1,@F2,@F3,. How to change the query variable in WordPress? myInt + ''), in some rare cases, you may need to convert a string to a number. If you get stuck and ask a question on Stack Overflow, make sure you provide a cURL command that works - or else it would be very difficult for anyone to troubleshoot what you could be doing wrong. Billie A few more useful transforms are to select a sub-set of key-value pairs using karate.filterKeys(), merging 2 or more JSON-s using karate.merge() and combining 2 or more arrays (or objects) into a single array using karate.append(). And as a testing framework, Karate discourages tests that give different results on every run. } How to check service status in karate DSL? Some third-party report-server solutions integrate with Karate such as ReportPortal.io. Anyway, there are times when you may want to force integers (perhaps for cosmetic reasons) and you can easily do so using the double-tilde short-cut: ~~. This is useful because the moment you use a wildcard [*] or search filter in JsonPath (see the next section), you get an array back - even though typically you would only be interested in the first item. Create a feature file under src/test/resources. The tests eecutes fine if i use maven command or run from runner file( .java). Internally, Karate will auto-convert JSON (and even XML) to Java Map objects. Note how even calls to Java code can be made if needed. Instead, Karate gives you all you need as part of the syntax. var jd = new JavaDemo(); The responseCookies variable is set upon any HTTP response and is a map-like (or JSON-like) object. In rare cases, e.g. Karate will also run Scenario-s in parallel by default. }] Karates approach frees you from Maven, is far more expressive, allows you to eyeball all environments in one place, and is still a plain-text file. You are free to organize your files using regular Java package conventions. An advanced option is where the scenario expression returns a JavaScript generator function. Empty cells or expressions that evaluate to null will result in the key being omitted from the JSON. But we recommend that you do this only if you are sure that these routines are needed in almost all *.feature files. A special case of embedded expressions can remove a JSON key (or XML element / attribute) if the expression evaluates to null. Custom header manipulation for every HTTP request is something that Karate makes very easy and pluggable. For this, Cucumber has already provided a way to organize your scenario execution by using tags in feature file. Karate has built-in support for re-trying an HTTP request until a certain condition has been met. name,type To run a script *.feature file from your Java IDE, you just need the following empty test-class in the same package. # this next line may perform many steps and result in multiple variables set for the rest of the script, """ "a": 1, for (var n in nums) { 12341234 Requirement: Open a feature file in VSCode Editor and ensure a line associated with a test has cursor focus. You can always directly access the variable called responseHeaders if you wanted to do more checks, but you typically wont need to. Contrary to the docs, Karate does limit us regarding values we pass between feature files. Create a Test Runner class. The name of the SOAP action specified is used as the SOAPAction header. Ideally you should return only pure JSON data (or a primitive string, number etc.). In most cases you wont need to set the Content-Type header as Karate will automatically do the right thing depending on the data-type of the request. How to call custom Java code in karate API tests? The Karate Demo has a working example of the recommended parallel-runner set up. It gets the value of any Java system-property by name. This is for evaluating arbitrary JavaScript and you are advised to use this only as a last resort ! But if you need to use values in the response headers - they will be in a variable named responseHeaders. There is no concept of a default where for e.g. function (config, downloadLatestFn) { Any valid XPath expression is allowed on the left-hand-side of a match statement. If you are new to programming or test-automation, refer to the options for IDE support and the official IntelliJ plugin is recommended. Syntax highlighting should work right away and if you don't see something similar like in the following screenshot, make sure you have selected karate as . The above example actually makes two HTTP requests - the first is a standard sign-in POST and then (for illustrative purposes) another HTTP call (a GET) is made for retrieving a list of projects for the signed-in user, and the first one is selected and added to the returned auth token JSON object. match each can be combined with contains deep so that for each JSON object a deep contains match is performed within nested lists or objects. Notice how once the authToken variable is initialized, it is used by the above function to generate headers for every HTTP call made as part of the test flow. if an API needs to be called to get a JSON array, you can call a separate Scenario to set up this data. Here is an example of what is possible: Not something you would commonly use, but in some cases you need to disable Karates default behavior of attempting to parse anything that looks like JSON (or XML) when using multi-line / string expressions. the NOT operator e.g. If you really need to re-use a Java function, see Java Function References. A Karate test script has the file extension .feature which is the standard followed by Cucumber. Especially since strings can be easily coerced to numbers (and vice-versa) in Javascript, you can combine built-in validators with the self-validation predicate form like this: '#number? }, We can define each scenario with a useful tag. $ represents the response. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, Thanks @peter-thomas for the hints. Refer to the documentation on type-conversion to make sure you can unpack data returned from Karate correctly, especially when dealing with XML. This is actually the intent most of the time and is convenient. The Maven tradition is to have non-Java source files in a separate src/test/resources folder structure - but we recommend that you keep them side-by-side with your *.java files. In this file, we will write out the test scenarios that need to be executed for performing the API Testing. The Hello World is a great example of REST-ful use of the url when the test focuses on a single REST resource. sportName: '#string', common.feature. How do you find the longest decreasing subsequence of a sequence? Enable HTTPS calls without needing to configure a trusted certificate or key-store. But one pattern that you should be aware of is that JSON is actually a great data-structure for looking up data. Karate tool provides you with the step definitions. response is a built-in variable in karate that stores HTTP API response. And JSON arrays would become Java List-s. An additional-level of auto-conversion happens when objects cross the boundary between JS and Java. Other options are the quickstart or the standalone executable. But this time, the return value from the call step will be a JSON array of the same size as the input array. }, """, # given this invalid input (string instead of number), # but this 'combined form' will fail, which is what we want, # * match date == { month: '#number? return 'this text will be displayed to the user when they click the rebase button' In the feature below, the * print 'in setup' step will run only once. When you have a sequence of HTTP calls that need to be repeated for multiple test scripts, Karate allows you to treat a *.feature file as a re-usable unit. The assert keyword can be used to assert that an expression returns a boolean value. # behind the scenes, it could be creating (or over-writing) a bunch of variables ! A few special built-in variables such as $ (which is a reference to the JSON root) - can be mixed into JSON embedded expressions. The syntax will include a = sign between the key and the value. When expressing expected results (in JSON or XML) you can mark some fields to be ignored when the match (comparison) is performed. This approach is indeed slightly more complicated than traditional *.properties files - but you need this complexity. """, # yaml from a file (the extension matters), and the data-type of 'bar' would be JSON, """ (with no space in between). But there are cases where you need to take custom actions like saving a response to a file, file reading or writing, etc. If you don't want to run Gatling tests as part of the normal Maven test lifecycle, you can avoid the <executions> section as described previously.. Gradle . return 'this text will be displayed above the image comparison config\n' + customConfigJson Click on Run the Workflow and Start. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Some characters such as the hyphen - are not permitted in lenient JSON keys (because they are interpreted by the JS engine as a minus sign). Here is an example: Any Karate variable will be available to the template, which is users.html in this example. """, # note the 'text' keyword instead of 'def', """ Although it is just a few lines of code, take time to study the above example carefully. Else the Runner.path() builder API is the same, refer the description above for JUnit 4. Note the extra convenience where you dont have to enclose the LHS key in quotes. b The demo also features code-coverage using Jacoco, and some tips for even non-Java back-ends. 3) Go to TestRunner.java file created in the step above and run it as JUnit Test. Something worth mentioning here is that you would hardly need to use assert in your test scripts. Being able to define and re-use JavaScript functions is a powerful capability of Karate. Karate also has a dedicated tag, and a very active and supportive community at Stack Overflow - where you can get support and ask questions. All tests are defined in *.feature files; For every feature file package, you need to have an empty test-class in the same package under src/test/java; Karate recommends to keep the *.feature files in the same folder as the test-class; The <build> section of the pom.xml needs a small tweak for this .. (Similar change needed in build.gradle file) * header Authorization = call read('basic-auth.js') { username, # just perform an action, we don't care about saving the result, # do something only if a condition is true, # you can use multiple lines of JavaScript if needed, """ Set the read timeout (milliseconds). But you can choose a single test to run like this: When your Java test runner is linked to multiple feature files, which will be the case when you use the recommended parallel runner, you can narrow down your scope to a single feature, scenario or directory via the command-line, useful in dev-mode. If you dont want to use Java, you have the option of just downloading and extracting the ZIP release. Here is an . isValidTime(_)' This is very useful to boil-down those common steps that you may have to perform at the start of multiple test-scripts - into one-liners. function(s) { We can execute the scenarios in the feature file using maven (which is useful to run the tests in a CI environment) import com. Here is how you can pass data from one feature file another. Things are designed so that you can plug-in what you need, without needing to compile Java code. The following short-cut is also supported which will disable all logs: When you use a re-usable feature that has commonly used utilities, you may want to hide this completely from the HTML reports. It is worth internalizing that during test-execution, it is upon the method keyword that the actual HTTP request is issued. The .graphql and .gql extensions are also recognized (for GraphQL) but are handled the same way as .txt and treated as a string. API tests are written using Behaviour Driven Development (BDD) Gherkin syntax. This is especially useful when you want to maintain passwords, secrets or even URL-s specific for your local dev environment. Note that this is not the best example of a skeleton Java / Maven project, as it is designed to be . we need to have our first feature file which will be called from the second feature file.Here I'm trying to explain using the Git Repo APIs. So if you return complex objects such as a custom Java instance or a JS function that depends on complex objects, this may cause issues when you run in parallel. Add a runner Java class with Karate Junit 5 test. Instead I get this error. // trigger download of latest image with custom file name For example, you can: For an advanced example of how you can build and re-use a common set of JS functions, refer to this answer on Stack Overflow. { "roomInformation": [{ "roomPrice": 679.79}], "totalPrice": 679.79 } The not equals operator != works as you would expect: You typically will never need to use the != (not-equals) operator ! [ Also make sure that you complete the set up of things like url, param, header, configure etc. Important: do not use the @RunWith(Karate.class) annotation. } And when you read your JSON objects from (re-usable) files, even complex response payload assertions can be accomplished in just a single line of Karate-script. If you want to dynamically and programmatically determine the tags and features to be included - the API also accepts. You can still perform string comparisons such as a match contains and look for error messages etc. Notice that in the above example, string values within the table need to be enclosed in quotes. Karate has enhanced the Cucumber Scenario Outline as follows: These are best explained with examples. Here is a recap of symbols that can be used in JSON embedded expressions: There is a shortcut for match each explained in the next section that can be quite useful, especially for in-line schema-like validations. If you are a Java developer - Karate requires at least Java 8 and then either Maven, Gradle, Eclipse or IntelliJ to be installed. You may face issues if you attempt to mix in JS functions or Java code. Karate provides an elegant native-like experience for placeholder substitution within strings or text content. That said, if you want to stick to JavaScript, but find yourself accumulating a lot of helper functions that you need to use in multiple feature files, the following pattern is recommended. """, """ Things will work even if the karate-config.js file is not present. After "@" you can have any relevant . Because of the last rule above, note that string-concatenation may not work quite the way you expect: Observe how you can achieve string concatenation if you really want, because any valid JavaScript expression can be stuffed within an embedded expression. You can use karate.callSingle() directly in a *.feature file, but it logically fits better in the global bootstrap. The key should not be within quotes. Standard JavaScript syntax rules apply, but the right-hand-side should begin with the function keyword if declared in-line. deleted: false Embedded expressions also make more sense in validation and schema-like short-cut situations. Note that if you need to do a lot of case-insensitive string checks, karate.lowerCase() is what you are looking for. And most importantly - you can run tests in parallel without having to depend on third-party hacks that introduce code-generation and config bloat into your pom.xml or build.gradle. You can set this up for all subsequent requests or dynamically generate headers for each HTTP request if you configure headers. They seamlessly fit in-line within your test script. How to run a specific feature file in karate? You may have to rely on unit-testing frameworks or integrate additional dependencies. count: '#number', One way to appreciate Karates approach is to think over what it takes to add a new environment-dependent variable (e.g. But since some-reusable.feature is above AnimalsTest.java in the folder hierarchy, it will not be picked-up. Refer to this demo feature for an example: kitten-create.feature. If parsing fails, Karate will log a warning and the value of response will then be a plain string. This will give you the usual HTML report showing what features will be run, including all steps shown (including comments) so that it can be reviewed. And includes a set of Karate examples that test these services as well as demonstrate various Karate features and best-practices. Karate Tests you can immediately run, with validation, inline payload examples and . If the second HTTP call above expects headers to be set by my-headers.js - which in turn depends on the authToken variable being updated, you will need to duplicate the line * configure headers = read('classpath:my-headers.js') from the caller feature here as well. How do you get out of a corner when plotting yourself into a corner. We have verified the run time feature selection api in many possible combination and it is working as expected. See also responseStatus if you want to do some complex assertions against the HTTP status code. Also take a look at how a special case of embedded-expressions can remove key-value pairs from a JSON (or XML) payload: Remove if Null. Observe the usage of Scenario Outline: instead of Scenario:, and the new Examples: section. What are the most important features of karate? This approach can certainly enable product-owners or domain-experts who are not programmer-folk, to review, and even collaborate on test-scenarios and scripts. to customize configuration output), Array of rectangles that should be ignored during image comparison, Resemble ignore preset. If you want to keep the level as DEBUG (for HTML reports) but suppress logging to the console, you can comment out the STDOUT root appender-ref: Or another option is to use a ThresholdFilter, so you still see critical logs on the console: If you want to exclude the logs from your CI/CD pipeline but keep them in the execution of your users in their locals you can configure your logback using Janino. # using a static method - observe how java interop is truly seamless ! to customize rebase filename and/or output), Function to be called when displaying image comparison configuration in Karate HTML reports (e.g. function(arg) { While this sounds dangerous and should be used with care (and limits readability), the reason this feature exists is to quickly set (or over-write) a bunch of config variables when needed. And for dealing with binary content - see bytes. Format of the keyStore file. Note that Content-Type had to be enclosed in quotes in the JSON above because the - (hyphen character) would cause problems otherwise. Here is how you can pass data from one feature file another. Link to my code repo on Git hubhttps://github.com/KalimohTraining/KarateTrainingLink to Karate Project on GitHub:https://github.com/intuit/karateDescription . So you can refer to the response, responseStatus or even responseHeaders if needed. So we use the same Gherkin syntax - but the similarity ends there. Only one JSON argument is allowed, but this does not limit you in any way as you can use any complex JSON structure. #karate #junit5This video explain how you can call one scenario from another scenario from the same features files as well as from another feature file Also refer to this demo example for a working example of multipart file uploads: upload.feature. See this for an example. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. We will use karate.properties [user.dir] which will automatically pick users working directory and then append it to the path of our project files. It can also be executed by using @GetValue Tag in an external feature. This is optional, and Karate will work without the logging config in place, but the default console logging may be too verbose for your needs. There are a few situations where this comes in handy: As a convenience, you can omit the eval keyword and so you can shorten the above to: This is very convenient especially if you are calling a method on a variable that has been defined such as the karate object, and for general-purpose scripting needs such as UI automation.
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