why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558why was france a threat to elizabeth in 1558

King Philip of Spain sent an. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. Following Marys death, there were no more major Catholic plots during Elizabeths reign. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. Pope refused to accept the divorce and marriage and as a result Catholics in England in 1558 did not accept Elizabeth as a legitimate monarch. The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. Boston Spa, Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. 2) This war was not a success. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. - death of henry II. Copy. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . When Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558, she inherited a difficult financial situation and a debt of 227,000. Dedicated to. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. Roman Catholics . The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. The treaty also stated that Mary would give up her claim to the English throne, although this was not formally agreed by Mary. By instinct, Elizabeth was a The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. The failure of the colonisation was due to: the resistance of the Native Americans; conflict amongst the English settlers (who collectively had the wrong mix of skills to make the settlement a real success); the loss of supplies via the damage incurred on The Tiger and the fact that the voyage set off too late for crops to be planted (causing dependence on the rightfully suspicious Native Americans). The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. You may use the following in your answer: Mary, Queen of Scots and foreign threat (12 marks) . Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Best Answer. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. The Spanish responded by doing the same to the English. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. Elizabeth had also reduced the power of the northern nobles and increased her own control over the north through the Council of the North, which helped govern the area. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Become a Member | - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. VAT reg no 816865400. VAT reg no 816865400. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 Doodle's Point of View However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. Moreover, a child would create more stability domestically and nullify challenges to the throne (like that from Mary Queen of Scots) as a political vacuum would have been filled. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. Boston Spa, In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. As such, the Catholic community cited both religious and legal reasons why Elizabeth had no right to be Queen, which made her accession extremely problematic. Henry himself gave people cause . This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. 1. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. It had to deal with Irish . This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. LS23 6AD However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. One was debt. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. By August 1986, Walsingham had gathered enough evidence to dismantle the plot. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. Topic guides / The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. Sue Gray quits the civil service to become Starmer's aide: is it a big deal? (*fragmentary*). The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. They began to revolt against the Spanish. Those who refused this were sent to prison. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Norfolk was killed in 1572. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. What were the causes of westward Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . This issue of divorce creates problems for Catholics. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. Company Reg no: 04489574. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. Foreign Affairs. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. One last thing to consider was the fact that Elizabeth was unmarried and childless. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). The Spanish attempted to regroup at Gravelines, however, the weather made it impossible for them to reform their defensive crescent formation which opened up an opportunity for the English to intercept and attack. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? The English also had better tactics that were more effective. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. LS23 6AD However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. England had lost the last of her territories in France during the reign of Mary, when Calais was lost. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. J. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). Mary served as a permanent reminder at home and abroad that there was a legitimate Catholic heir to the throne and, with the Popes blessing, willing Catholic rebels could convince themselves they were doing Gods work. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). JPs provided the able-bodied with raw materials (like wool) to make items to sell. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad.

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