The earliest documented letter to an English captain from a chief of Old Calabar was written in 1770. Iboku, Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. The Efik people are well known for a diverse number of cuisines. Mr. . Unblock notifications in browser settings. Wake Keeping, Viewing and service in Dallas, Texas. One of such accounts was given at a court case by Prince Bassey Duke in 1917 where he stated, "The Efiks were originally Ibo descendants. [66] JavaScript is disabled. [30][31] Another reason given by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku asserts that the Uruan accused the Efik of wizardry and of being responsible for the frequent seizure of their children by crocodiles. These lettere were heeded to and in April 1846, the first missionaries arrived Old Calabar. Welcome to brotherhood Illuminati where you can becomerich famous and popular and your life story we be changetotally my name is Dan Jerry I am here to share mytestimony on how I join the great brotherhood Illuminatiand my life story was change immediately . No disrespect allowed. [5] The Efik refer to themselves as Efik Eburutu, Ifa Ibom, Eburutu and Iboku. Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. [33] Abasi was angered by the Uruan woman and cursed the Uruan people who started to punish her for her insubordination. Cameroon-Nigeria Relations, 1884-1961: A Study in Political, Economic and Social Interactions Between Two Nigerian Neighbouring States. Several types of English dresses were introduced to Efik women such as the Victorian dresses known in Efik as nyny. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago (E.O.Efiong-Fuller, 1996). Lawino says that her husband's house is a "dark forest of _______________________". [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). Initiated into ekpe society at 9 as was done in those days and now not even a word is mentioned each time you talk about ekpe in manyu. It became a truly multi-group society, finding its' way to almost all groups in the region and gaining dominance in . The Ogboni is a fraternity indigenous to Nigeria, Benin and Togo. Among these cuisines include Ekpang nkukwo, Edikang Ikong, Afia efere, Anyan Ekpang, Afang soup and several others. We bring you daily editor picks from the best Business Insider news content so you can stay updated on the latest topics and conversations on the African market, leaders, careers and lifestyle. Today, it is no longer the same Ekpe society of decades ago. One theory propounded by Okon and Nkpanam Ekereke asserts that the term "Efuk" was a word of defiance and an expression used by the Ibibio man when in a fit of rage. Welcome, Love, Peace and Unity in Nsibidi. There are said to be at least three mass migration from Ndodoghi. society to its Caribbean incarnation, which has deeply influenced Cuba's creative energy and popular consciousness. [53] Aphrom was a corruption of Ephraim which was an anglicised form of the Efik name Efiom. One theory states that the Efik and Uruan had separate religious customs and the Efik refused to worship the Uruan deity Atakpor Uruan Inyang. The masquerade tradition itself is most popular in Calabar and the Oron nation of Udung-Ukko, Mbo, Urue-Offong Oruko, Okobo, as well as the Eket and Uruan local government areas in Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria, and even western Cameroon. [47] At the time of their exit from Creek town, the reigning monarch of Creek town was their half brother Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai. [1] Ekpe members always wear masks when performing their police duties, and although individuals may nonetheless be recognized, fear of retribution from the ikan stops people from accusing those members who may overstep their limits. A reconsideration of kp and Abaku suggests an agenda for the study of kp in diaspora from a different perspective. by Web Services Editor. [27] A number of reasons have been given on why the Efik left Uruan. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community. [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. [79] Ikpaya a royal type of gown also made from raffia. These Ngolo created the Ekpe society and invented the Nsibidi writing system in Usakadet (Isangele). Ema Atai Ema Atai, Edidem, Biop sai." Cow meat was also consumed but the Efik native cow was rarely eaten or milked by the Efik. Sunjata's aunt, Tenenba Conde, childless herself, must raise the child Fakoli, son of Kosiya Kante, after Kosiya sacrifices herself for her brother's sake. [45] What is most certain is that the Efik arrived Creek Town led by Edidem Eyo Ema Atai together with Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai, Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai, Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo and several others. Read More mask [40] Now we can't sell slaves again we must have too much man for country; and want something for make work and trade, and if we could get seed for cotton and coffee we could make trade. . Sunjata's sister, Kolonkan, angers her younger brother Manding Bori when she: uses her powers to take the internal organs from animals he and his brothers killed, without cutting the animals open. The Ekpe society, the regulatory society in Manyu Division also fixed a heavy fine on any defaulter. This theory asserts that the Efik migrated from Palestine or somewhere close to Palestine. . The Efik language was also spoken in several communities in Western Cameroon. (b) Analyze Cause and Effect: What events prevent their success? And there are definitely more than 10 Ekpe members still around today. clothing stores in columbia mall [80] Ivory bracelets (Efik: Mme) were worn by wealthy women. Ukara are made exclusively for members of the Ekpe society, an interethnic men's association found throughout southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. Ekpe means leopard, not lion. Google Scholar Aye, E. A. Alternate titles: Egbo, Ekpo, Leopard society. ugly and deformed, but predicted to be the mother of a great king. To cast light on African perspectives, and on the point of view of enslaved men and women, this group of top Africanist scholars has examined both conventional historical sources (e.g., European. Law and order in Efik society was maintained via a number of secret societies. Bell of King Eyo Honesty II at Creek Town, Ekeng ita (also known as James Henshaw), Obong of Henshaw Town (c.a 1875). Some other clothings introduced into the market include smit, brutanya, isadh and nkisi. LEFT Ezillo man drawing a grid pattern to be filled with nsibidi designs, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. Iwewe is a type of boiled yam mashed with a small amount of palm oil and stirred with a spoon. [40] The outcome of the fall of the tree led to several deaths in their clan. In Cuba, the Ekoi are always evoked as early founders of the Abaku society,18 and their spirits are worshiped. We are about loving, encouraging, embracing, teaching, and building with black people. Colonial Anthropologist M.D.W. Archaeological evidence found that the group was extremely advanced in education for its time, and headed the construction of the Valley of the Kings. Among these missionaries were Rev. Powered by, Ukara cloth detail, Etara community, Cross River State, Nigeria, Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African Diaspora, Introduction: Spirit Dancers, Water Deities & Mystics in the Cross River Basin and in Cuba, Upcoming film project: Seven year kp ritual cycle, Ntufam Bob Oku literature, music and drawings, Calabar Mgb International Journal / Revista Internacional, Calabar-Cuba Radio with Ene Ita and Ivor Miller, Manyu kp Funeral Rites in Yaounde, 2019, Ivor Miller research archive at Amherst College, Manyu kp procession in Yaound, March 29, 2019, Poster for funeral of Seseku Stephen Tataw (1948-2019), Tortoise shell instrument is played in the funerary procession, kp mask purifies the hearse before the procession begins, Funerary shrine representing the sacred forest of kp, kp members surround the shrine for the final rites. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. [65] Although the missionaries and rulers of Creek town and Duke town protested, their protests fell on deaf ears. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago [4]. Upon leaving the Cameroon territory, the Ibibio arrived at their present location following two major directions. That it was through the Qua [an Ejagham or Ekoi stock], that the secret of Ekpe cult diffused to Calabar. This village was originally named Ta Set Maat. Aye and Eyo Okon Akak. The Amama often appropriate hundreds of acres of palm trees for their own use and, with the profits they earn, ensure that their sons achieve comparable rank, which has the effect of limiting access to economic gain for other members of the community. When the threads are cut, the nsibidi designs stand out, white against a deep blue background. [52] These atrocities angered the missionaries and European captains alike. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. It was worth every penny and made me feel like a kid again. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. Gelede Egbe: Yoruba Women's Sacred Society. Ukara cloth also consecrates the interior of Ekpe lodges, where larger versions of the cloth hang as backdrops. Simple theme. What I want for dollar side is a fine coat and sword all same I tell you and the rest in copper rods. (1985). [32] The Efik having pity on these men gave them food and showed them hospitality. The persistence oftheAbakua society contradicts the official construction ofa Cuban national identity. [82] The Portuguese are said to have arrived in masted ships. What is a Free Agent "A free agent is one who isn't privileged with even one pure Leopard spiritline from the survivors of the Great Attempt. Historians recognize the advent and rapid rise of Ekpe as a direct result of a need for a new and effective mechanism of sociopolitical control in the complex economic environment created by the Atlantic slave trade. Efik society consists of various clans which were originally known as "Esien Efik itiaba" (English: Seven clans of Efik) and later known in the 21st century as "Esien Efik Duopeba" (English: Twelve clans of Efik). [73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. In a Somali tale, the main character, Eghal Shillet, is: a braggart and coward who finds every possible excuse to avoid going into battle. expectations of the members to prioritize the group over their own families. ________. Each ukara is highly individualized and clearly produced to be worn by a specific Ekpe member or to mark a specific Ekpe lodge. [69] On the appending of the Ekpe institution to its list of secret societies, the Ekpe society was reformed and adapted to suit the needs of the Efik people. The presentation, by Ekpe members from Cameroon, Nigeria and Cuba was arranged by Chief Dr. Ivor Miller and coordinated by Sessekous Ojong-Orock, Joseph Mbu and Mbe Tazi. Laws were passed to halt several practices regarded as unchristian. The Neegee or Crocodile Society is considered evil by the Poro and Sande groups. The Efik (Calabar) caste structure of Ekpe . Adire Adire means 'tie and dye' in Yoruba. The history of the Efik is one of the most documented in subsaharan Africa. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. Working with both kp and Abaku leaders, he has documented the foundation of the society in 19th . Nsibidi is a body of ideographic, abstract, and gestural signs deployed by the Ekpe society as a form of coded communication. [33] When the husband of the Uruan woman learnt of the issue, he wanted to fight the Efik. What's significant about the black fraternities and sororities in America is that they also trace part of their lineage to the Ekpe society of southeastern Nigeria. Written March 01, 2015 by Web Services Editor, Guarini School of Graduate & Advanced Studies, Copyright 2023 Trustees of Dartmouth College. Some meals have been mentioned often in the 19th century historical literature of Old Calabar. Jeffreys also stated, "There is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Ebrutu Efik. These drums are a regional phenomenon; they are not identified with any particular ethnic community, nor with any specific cultural group or initiation club. Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the Amama. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. The Osirica is a black Egyptian masonic order that existed in ancient Egypt. The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. Several periods have been estimated by foreign scholars and indigenous historians. It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). After the Efik had settled at Ikpa Ene, a party of men from Uruan arrived at Ikpa Ene. The Efik Language and Its Future. [15] Ekereke and Ekereke further assert that the word was later changed to "Efik". A list of some of Africa's most prominent cults and secret societies of all time. The group is gaining grounds as it seems to incessantly predict the total destruction of the planet earth. and Dahomean towns, and among the tribes of Congo and the Cameroon.17 According to the same author, Ngbe, was another society influenced by the Ekoi and originally considered Egb [Ekp]. The Ekpe society is the most renowned traditional institution in Efik history. [19], The Ibibio origin of the Efik is one of the most popular among scholars. The destruction of Obutong occurred in 1854. In Amos Tutuola's The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator leaves his home and begins his adventure in the bush when: In the excerpt that we read from The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator and his wife encounter: In the Song of Lawino, by Okot p'Bitek, a woman speaks to: Lawino's husband's new wife is called _______________________(Either of two possible answers) in the text. She or he is a random of nature, a result of mixed up and confused spiritual genetics. [10] The original seven clans are scattered between Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state and consist of Iboku (Duke town, Henshaw town, Creek town and Cobham town), Obutong, Adiabo, Mbiabo (Mbiabo Edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong, Mbiabo Ikoneto), Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. kp lodges ruled local communities while also managing regional and long-distance trade. These they handcuffed, brought down to the canoes, and so proceeded up the river, till they got to the amount of 45, with whom they returned to New town, where sending to the captains of the shipping, they divided them among the ships.[56]. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the Efik traders played a major role during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade. [6][7], The name Efik first appears in historical literature in the nineteenth century. When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you, Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death, Joshua Project Efik of Nigeria Ethnic People Profile, Souvenir Programme of the Coronation Service of His Royal Highness Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V, Obong of Calabar and Paramount Ruler of the Efiks, Abridgement of the minutes of the evidence, "Souvenir programme of the Coronation of Edidem Boco Ene Mkpang Cobham V", "Cross river as a model for the evolution of Benue-Congo nominal class/concord systems", https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092842/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/pa-effiong-ukpong-aye-1918-2012/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Efik_people&oldid=1131332439, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 17:46.
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